Book Review: Chapter 1: The Market at the Bottom of the Pyramid

 

Book: The Fortune at the bottom of the Pyramid

 

Author: C.K. Prahalad and Stuart L. Hart

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Fortune-at BottomPyramid/dp/B00006L5AW/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1232066330&sr=1-2

 

Quote:

 

“What is needed is a better approach to help the poor, an approach that involves partnering with them to innovate and achieve sustainable win-win scenarios.”

 

I chose this statement simply because it discusses and focuses on helping out the unfortunate people. In this earth we live, we are community and since we are a community, our mission is to help other people. The concept of solidarity is the main topic of this particular quote. We must do something that is good for others.

 

Learning Expectations

 

• To know basically the concept of market at the bottom of the pyramid?
• What this is all about?
• Understanding how it works for the market or industry
• To relate it to “Markets are conversations”

 

Review:

 

 

This first chapter entitled The Market at the Bottom of the Pyramid. At first glance, we have no idea on how to understand this particular topic simply because; the word is not that understandable. So, the solution to this in order to understand this topic very well, we will discuss it word by word. Let’s start in the word “Market”. Just like our Vertical Solutions class, the main topics for that subject are markets and of course, all VERTSOL students know about market. The first thesis entitled, “Market’s are conversation”. Yes, markets are conversations knowing the fact that markets are now literally talking and knowing also the fact that people is the very vital part of the market. If there are no people who will be working for the market, obviously no there’s no market. The second word is the word “Bottom”. It means that it is the lowest part of something that may never reach. The farthest point particularly in the pyramid because it is the topic for this particular chapter.

 

For the word pyramid, it is a triangular shaped object. Usually found on Egypt as we all know. Anyway, Pyramid is just a representation of statistic to further understand the meaning of this particular chapter. Now we all know the meaning of each word, the number 1 question is that, what is this for. What are the purpose of this concept or theory to the market and the purpose of it for the people and we will learn the purpose of this concept later on as we go on to this chapter.

As stated here on the book, the 21^st century number one problem is the poverty; furthermore, disenfranchisement considers the world’s number one problem. This only means that the world is in need of entrepreneurs who will be responsible for the solutions of daunting problems occurring in our world today. This chapter provides basic assumptions for the bottom of the pyramid.

• First, the poor represent as a “latent market” meaning that these poor people are underlying to active engagement of private enterprises. They don’t have the opportunity to acquire this.

 

• Second, the Bottom of the Pyramid provides a new growth and opportunity for private sectors. The previous solutions cannot now create markets in Bottom of the Pyramid. Meaning that these private sectors had enough power to acquire BOP as a market.

 

 

• Third, BOP Markets must become an integral part of work of private sector. That means the most important and the basic part can be conducted by the community. One way of doing this is an CSR-Corporate Social Responsibility.

 

These are the best guidelines to avoid poverty in our country. Appreciate each of it and these powerful concepts will go back to us and gain more advantage. It is for the betterment of the world. 

What I’ve learned:

As stated on this chapter, the main purpose of this book in overall is to illustrate that the typical pictures of poverty mask the fact that the very poor represent courageous entrepreneurs and value-conscious consumers. This only means that it’s time for the people of the world to know that people are changing and evolving to fight against poverty. The so called “Poverty mask” must be removed in the lives of every individual living here on earth.

 

I’m very interested in this book because, we can apply our learning in ethical and moral values as well as integrating or combining the concept of vertical solutions particularly the market towards the fight against the poverty. Technology and Ethical values are present here. Therefore, as a student, we must learn about these concepts. Thanks to our program because we can combine our ethical values as well as marketing skills and be able to do a fortune at the bottom of the pyramid.

Integrative Questions:

1. What is the Bottom of the Pyramid?
2. How does it affect less fortunate people lives?
3. Can we easily integrate this concept for them?
4. What are the purposes or what are the advantages of this chapter?
5. What are the so called “Tiers” for?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 2: Products and Services of BOP

 

Book:  The Fortune at the bottom of the Pyramid

 

Author: C.K. Prahalad and Stuart L. Hart

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

http://www.amazon.com/Fortune-at-BottomPyramid/dp/B00006L5AW/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1232066330&sr=1-2

 

Learning Expectations:

 

• What are the products and services of BOP
• To learn the specifics of Products offered by the BOP
• To learn the specifics of Services offered by the BOP
• How do people conduct these product and services?
• The twelve principles of Innovation for Bottom of the Pyramid Markets
• How does a company or anyone make this part happen?

 

 

Quote:

 

“Will challenge the dominant logic the beliefs and values of the managers serving the developed markets and have been socialized with”

 

This quote is very much alike from this particular chapter. It is stated there that the challenge will be a dominant logic. That means the people who are in the authority in a particular position must partake the challenge because they are the only one who can handle beliefs and values. For managers, they are challenged to serve, develop markets and socialize with people.

 

Review:

 

Since this particular chapter talks about product and services, these matter are considered as part of the business and the process of distributing it to the final consumer or customer is called a market. Again, since market is present here in this chapter, there are many ways now how to market a product and services. Markets are conversation, and as stated from the previous chapter and in Cluetrain Manifesto as part of 95 theses, people plays again the vital role of marketing a product. People are the only key to maximize the potential strength in marketing the product or services. These people will make sure that the quality of product or services they offer to the final consumer will be satisfied with this. In relation for the BOP that this chapter discussed, here is the explanation. According to this chapter, “The BOP, as a market, will challenge the dominant logic” so this means that BOP is a feature in a market that will help the product or services  offered by the company or any other business firm will give more improvement for that. Another one is that the BOP will give reputation for these products and services.

 

For BOP, it is stated here that advanced technology solutions, must coexist. We are talking here the side of BOP. Basically, in a BOP, the technology must be present or coexist because for instance, the networks are considered to be part of Markets are conversation because people can converse digitally. We are now in the 21^st century and the thing is that we must maximize the use of technology. For BOP, yes of course the foundation of the pyramid is for the market. It’s just a representation on how markets work on BOP.

 

 

 

Good to know that the author of this book and particular chapter aims to discuss all about the twelve principles of Innovation for Bottom of the Pyramid Markets: These are the ff:

 

1.     Price Performance

2.     Innovation: Hybrids

3.     Scale of Operations

4.     Sustainable Development: Eco-Friendly

5.     Identifying Functionality

6.     Process Innovation

7.     Deskilling of work

8.     Education of Customers

9.     Designing for Hostile Infrastructure

10.  Interfaces

11.  Distribution: Accessing the Customer

12.  BOP Markets essentially allows us to challenge the conventional wisdom in delivery of Product

 

Basically, these principles are involved in the innovation and this kind of innovation is part of BOP. Identifying, evaluating, scoring of products or services offered by the company is very much effective determining the state of the product or services as well as promoting that.

 

What I’ve learned:

 

I learned that there are twelve principles of innovation to make the products and services of the company succeed. Knowing these principles will help the company or anyone else improve their respective offering for their consumers. This innovation must be evaluated first exactly know how can affect people’s lives. I experienced how to score a scorecard regarding the BOP and while doing it, it was very interesting because while thinking or evaluating for a particular principle, my mind flows for that principle if it is applicable or not.

 

As a conclusion: Getting the right combination of scale, technology, price, sustainability, and usability are towards the concept of innovation for BOP Markets. Thanks to BOP because company will now have a basis on how to improve their products or services. Determining the status again of a product or services is a great factor to be able for the company to improve their performance in the eyes of the people.

Integrative Questions:

 

1. What are the twelve principles of innovation for Bottom for the Pyramid?
2. What are the effects of these twelve in identifying the factors being served by the company or anyone else?
3. Is it really important to score the product or services offered by the company to the consumers?
4. Is it really easy to implement?
5. How does it innovative in our world today?

Book Review: Chapter 3: BOP: Global Opportunity

 

Book: The Fortune at the bottom of the Pyramid

 

Author: C.K. Prahalad and Stuart L. Hart

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Fortune-at-BottomPyramid/dp/B00006L5AW/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1232066330&sr=1-2

 

 

Learning Expectations:

 

• I expect to have an idea of Bottom of the Pyramid for Global Opportunity
• What is the Global Opportunity in BOP?
• Can these opportunities effective to markets?

 

Quote:

“The quality, efficacy, potency, and usability solutions developed for the BOP Markets are very attractive for the top of the pyramid”

 

These are the factors why we call them a BOP. The power of the concept of BOP is still authentic and I can say that these factors will help improve the name of BOP for entrepreneurs. Since we are talking here about Global Opportunity, the number one actors in this chapter are an entrepreneur who aims to make a difference for the world.

Review:

Let’s describe first what is an opportunity? Basically it is a chance of people or group to attain advantageous goals. An when we commit or attain goals, it is our pride that we commit it and we are proud of something because we did something different for others. In relation to global community, it’s also the same, each one of us can attain goals. If anyone can attain for it, of course, each one of us has the chance to meet our goals in life and that is called opportunity. In this chapter, we can say that opportunity is very much useful to meet our goals in life. In relating to market, we believe that the market has a potential to attain opportunities and goals. In determining strength and weaknesses, opportunities and threats, we can determine how to achieve a particular goal. Identify it and trust your evaluation, you can now find your answer if you have a right opportunity for that. Especially, in applying this theory to market, it is very much effective because knowing this will lead to goals.

 

How do we engage BOP? It is stated here that there are two ways to engage the power of BOP into markets, first, the traditional approach. Traditional, it is an old style of doing things But even if it is traditional, it is the most authentic and basic way of attaining the goals considering that the market. For the BOP, the top of the pyramid is considered as the comfort zone. All business are aiming for that position.

 

What I’ve learned:

As stated here on this chapter (p.57), BOP Markets are a great source for experimentation in sustainable development. I agree with this statement because BOP is just a theory that is considered to be true. All part of the BOP market are considered to be scarce. This means that the natural resources here on earth are only limited, therefore, today, many companies are looking for innovation to produce or create product or services that is not harmful to mother earth as well as for the people.

 

The sustainability in a market is a great factor for the company who offer product and services for their consumers, therefore, these companies must motivate to give the best they can offer for the consumers. Targeting poor people is a factor in BOP that aims for the global attainment. All of these must be sustainable for a company. Since innovation is the answer for BOP, the potential companies who can sustain the authentic development must go for it. This is a change for the image of the company as well as reputation of the name itself.

The flow of ideas, knowledge, and innovation will become a two-way street from the developed countries to the developing countries as well. Because of this statement, we can say that those countries that had lack opportunity can make it through by helping other developed countries. Private sector as stated here has a desire to leverage resources and gain market coverage and will invent more new systems to accommodate the people they are serving with. A positive situation for both large companies and BOP Consumers.

Integrative Questions:

 

1. How to engage BOP to Global Opportunity?
2. What are the benefits of operating BOP?
3. Is it true that BOP can be a source of innovation?
4. How does BOP grow in market?
5. How does BOP develop solutions for market?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 4: The Ecosystem of Wealth Creation

 

Book: The Fortune at the bottom of the Pyramid

 

Author: C.K. Prahalad and Stuart L. Hart

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

http://www.amazon.com/Fortune-at-BottomPyramid/dp/B00006L5AW/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1232066330&sr=1-2

 

Learning Expectations:

 

• I expect to learn the connection of ecosystem to BOP
• What is the role of Ecosystem to wealth creation?
• How is this effective to BOP?
• I want to learn the Market-Oriented Ecosystem. What is it?
• I want to learn the building Governance capabilities among the poor.
• The private-sector in ecosystem
• How does this transform the basis for commercial transactions within a developing economy?

 

Quote:

 

“The social capital or individual entrepreneurs has a focus on both business and social developmental initiatives at the BOP”

This is considered as one aspect of ecosystem. I believe that entrepreneurs are part of the ecosystem what aims for social developmental initiatives for BOP. These entrepreneurs who aims for social and developmental initiatives has a heart to help unfortunate people who are in need. A business system is at the heart of ecosystem for wealth creation. I believe this because business system aims for what is good for the people.

 

Review:

 

First, let us define the meaning of ecosystem. When people heard that word, the first thing comes up to our mind are living organisms living here on earth. Organisms are part of our environment. Therefore, we can say that ecosystem is an environment where people are living. Naturally, when God created this world, ecosystem already exists. People are now relating themselves to meet another organism. That’s make a better ecosystem. The explanation is in natural world. But how about in Business world? Is this concept available?

 

It is stated here that there have been a few attempts to focus on symbiotic nature of the relationships between various private sector and social institutional players that can lead to rapid development of markets at BOP. With this support statement, the concepts of ecosystem in business world are now related knowing the fact that it is for rapid development. In relation to rapid development, let us discuss about the market-oriented ecosystem since these are related to each other. Basically, Market-oriented ecosystem is a framework that allows private sector and social actors, act together and create wealth in a symbiotic relationship. This definition is somewhat similar to ecosystem but putting it on the business side. Knowing the fact that ecosystems are very depended on each other, it is very feasible to create a market-based ecosystem simply because people are connected. Also, we consider as market are conversation, we can now find a reason why markets are ecosystem. But the big problem of market-oriented ecosystem is that if one sector for special can’t pick up, how can they move on with the whole system? That’s the big dilemma for the ecosystem.

 

 

 

For the developing countries, they are the target of BOP Market because they are still developing and improving their respective economic state. One example here is the Philippines, it is considered as a developing country and considering this state, Philippines need a help for those who are in developed country. For the developed countries to help developing countries, they need a competitive condition such as the availability of new technologies, the nature of resources, and the educational infrastructure. These are the basic factors needed to help under developed countries. The private sectors are the fast-moving of consumer goods who has capabilities to help developing countries. They have good relation to the government as well as in other company.

 

What I’ve learned:

 

The history tells us the result of evolution made by humans. It is stated here that the large firm was a big symptom of a maturing economy focused on system efficiencies through scale and scope. This means that large firms are advantage for those who are in developing countries because these large firms can are feasible enough to give help. But the problem is that these large firms are focused on system efficiencies. They think the most efficient way to help other ecosystems.

 

The goal in development is to bring as many people as possible to enjoy the benefits of an inclusive market. In short, the BOP goal for ecosystem is the development or the BOP gives something to for those people who are in need so that they can meet the enjoyment even if they are not in the good state to enjoy happiness. But even if it is not that good, the goal is to meet happiness whatever it takes. This chapter tells us that the Market-based ecosystem must provide us to build basic infrastructure stated above this review most especially education. It allows large firms to build and profit growth markets which are advantageous for these companies. 

Integrative Questions:

1. What is Market-Oriented Ecosystem?
2. What are the ecosystems for developing country?
3. What’s the role of History in evolution of the large firms?
4. Can Market-based ecosystem provide us an approach to build basic infrastructures?
5. BOP consumers can benefit in local entrepreneurship?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 5: Reducing Corruption: Transaction Governance Capacity

 

Book: The Fortune at the bottom of the Pyramid

 

Author: C.K. Prahalad and Stuart L. Hart

 

Library Reference: N/A

Amazon Reference:

http://www.amazon.com/Fortune-at-BottomPyramid/dp/B00006L5AW/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1232066330&sr=1-2

 

 

Learning Expectations:

• Expect to learn the effects of corruption in terms of BOP Concept
• Difference of corruption and local practice.
• Identifying the question “Are the Poor, poor?”
• The center for Good Governance

 

Quote:

“Most developing countries do not fully recognize the real costs of corruption and its impact on private-sector development and poverty alleviation”

 

The quote I chose is pertaining to the developing countries. This is stating that the developing countries do not recognize the real costs of corruption in their respective country. I agree with this statement because no one knows who did this, who did that, clueless when they are talking about corruption. Even the highest position in an organization or in a country don’t provide answers for that because they want to be safe in malicious issues about them or so called “Playing Safe” They don’t know the effect of corruption into the private-sector.

 

Review:

Corruption is the number one problem in a particular country especially for those states that are still developing countries. Countries consider this as a number one problem and they need to fight this for change. For example, the Philippines is ranked as the most corrupt countries in Southeast Asia and considering that we are the only Christian nation in Southeast Asia. It is hard to accept the reality that Filipinos are considered to be one of the most corrupt countries around the globe. But the thing is we are very afraid to fight this kind of attitude knowing that we are leading in the most corrupt country. Those people who are really involved in the corruption are avoiding the issues for them. The tendency is that many people will be involved in corruption and this will continue until they change the leader.

First, we must understand the difference between corruption and local practice. In explaining this in layman’s term, local practice is only for local, within the community and only limited, unlike corruption, it is national. People can obviously know that corruption issue as fast as they could because people are concern for that thing. Transaction governance capacity is about making the entire process as transparent as possible and consistently enforced. This only means that corruption is transparent to people. As stated before, because corruption is transparent, people will know that issue immediately. To fight against corruption and to avoid this act, it is stated here that we must reduce the frictional losses in doing business at the BOP. Doing business in BOP is considered to be an easy job, but when implementing BOP to product or services, it would be a different story.

What I’ve learned:

 

 

The primary statement of this particular chapter is to overt corruption in a business operation. I agree that corruption should be totally “killed” or avoid it as much as possible. Basing it to ethical values of the Filipinos, we have a power to avoid this particular act but the problem is we don’t have enough capabilities to overcome this challenge. I believe in the abilities of the Filipinos furthermore, we are world class people. The problem is that we don’t have an authentic solidarity. Just like Ben Quinones, the speaker from Corporate Social Responsibility for entrepreneurs, he is a very good example of an authentic entrepreneur because he combines the concept of corporate social responsibility, Bottom of the Pyramid Markets, authentic solidarity and other concepts or theory related to markets that will help people go further and surpass the state of poverty. I believe in him because he shows the characteristics of an authentic Christian. If Filipinos are like Mr. Ben Quinones, the future of the Philippines will have a good hope for the next generation of Filipinos.

 

 

 

 

Integrative Questions:

1. Difference of corruption and local practice.
2. What are the assumptions for poverty reduction, and developmental assistance?
3. What is TGC?
4. Is it difficult to implement TGC?
5. The effect of corruption to BOP?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 6: Development as Social Transformation

Book: The Fortune at the bottom of the Pyramid

Author: C.K. Prahalad and Stuart L. Hart

Library Reference: N/A

Amazon Reference:

http://www.amazon.com/Fortune-at-BottomPyramid/dp/B00006L5AW/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1232066330&sr=1-2

 

Learning Expectations:

• Development in BOP
• What is Social Transformation?
• The role of BOP in Social Transformation

 

Quote:

“The poor can be a market, Serve the market is to innovate, Demands a range of innovations in products and services, business models, and management innovations, Making the government accountable to the citizens and making it accessible and transparent.”

 

These are the foundations of development as social transformation. These are the lists of foundation are gateway to success especially in BOP Markets. If companies or government follow these foundational concepts, there will be an authentic change for the society and for the world as a whole. BOP leads to innovation and that innovation will lead to world to success. For a result, people will now motivated to work and giving them a chance of hope.

Review:

When a poor at the BOP are treated as consumers, they can reap the benefits of respect, choice and self-esteem and have an opportunity to climb out of the poverty state. Just like the previous chapter, it discusses about ecology as a wealth of creation. In this particular chapter, we can see that it is also applicable. We see that this chapter discussed all about development as social transformation and in part of this title, there is a “social” which we can relate it to ecology and also we can include this in the BOP market aspect. For the word social, it means that we are still connected to each other knowing the fact that we are united as one and that’s the role of ecology. On the other hand, the word “transformation” is a word of change. This means that we develop as an individual and as a social community. Since we are talking here about social transformation, through BOP Market, people will have an opportunity to literally climb out of the poverty trap. Meaning that all of us had a potential an opportunity to raise ourselves and prove that we can do it. When the time we done it, it is called an authentic social transformation. Again, we developed with our own perception and once we did it, we are considered to be part of a transformation.

 

As stated above, the quote means that these are the foundations or guide for a development as social transformation. Each people should learn these foundational aspects so that people will know how to transform or change themselves. Even that individual is just a starter, more and more determination will acquire by him or her. The question is how will these changes impact life at the BOP? The answer is stated here. “As a BOP Consumers get an opportunity to participate in and benefit from the choices of products and services made available through market mechanism.” With this answer, as a consumer of

 

 

BOP Markets, it will now be understand that it is easy to acquire these knowledge in BOP provided and knowing these foundations.

 

 

What I’ve learned:

Converting the poor into a market will require innovation. I agree with this because if people don’t think or move, how can their lives transform. I mean, what’s the use of their lives if they don’t move. Bottom of the Pyramid concept is given. People analyzed and study all about it to process an innovation for all humans. This is for all people who seek change specifically in market. All we have to do is to move and do something to implement it in our lives. We cannot call ourselves an authentic social transformation because we did not implement it yet therefore, since we aim for an innovation, we must gain knowledge for the BOP. Modern Technology, Good product and services are given; this will enable them to take a huge step in improving their quality of life.

 

For a final remark in Bottom of the Pyramid, while doing this book review, I realized that for our country, it is hard to implement this concept because we need more knowledge about this. Even if innovations for us already existed, the basic concepts must be inherited for the people so that they will know the true value of this study. We have enough ethical values because, first, we are Christian people and we are aiming for good values for our country. We also have a big opportunity to think what is good for us and other. Given all of these, we can do this together; the only problem is the solidarity which some Filipino’s don’t have.

 

For me, I love the study of the Bottom of the Pyramid. It is the good and best way to analyze the status of a particular company for their products and services. Thanks to this BOP because I learned a lot in expounding my knowledge as an IT Student and Business student.

 

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1. How will these changes impact life at the BOP?
2. What is the Real Test?
3. What does BOP Consumer gains?
4. What are the foundations of social transformation?
5. What is BOP Consumer Upgrade?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 1: Foundations of Information Ethics

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: LUCIANO FLORIDI

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

Quote:

 

“We call our society “the information society” because of the pivotal role played by

Intellectual, information-intensive services intangible assets”

 

The people are also called information because each one of us can give information. We are so called “information society”. Even animals belong to this society because they also consist of information that can affect the life of human.

 

Learning Expectations:

 

 

·         The basic foundation of ethics in society.

·         How does information flows in information ethics?

·         To know and to be familiar in the word “Infosphere”

Review:

 

Why is it that our society called “the information society”? Basically, we are entitled to be the information in the society. Why? It’s because each one of us can give information. When the earth is created by our God Almighty, all of what He created is very powerful knowing the fact that each one of those is included with information. Since the information is all provided, all we have to do is to discover it. For instance, God created the nature. All facts about it already exist like, the W’s and H questions on a particular thing. The humans make a discovery all out of it. And what’s the output? All of these discoveries will lead other people knowing the information. The information now is just passed away into the society and many people will know it. For those who want to be into discovering, they must know it. This introduction is very useful because it is the foundation of everything all about information. The technology we have right now is because of information. The information is also conversation because we can get information through it. Every one of us has a power if we have information the money include. But on the physical side, its information make the world go around. One of the reason and fact is that we are on the “knowledge-based economy” era wherein information turns into knowledge. 

 

The so called “techne” is a full expression defined by the society which gives us ethical problems. This means that ethical problems are the problems we are up to. It is very much complex to understand if you we will include this on the global dimensional problem. The world is now focusing to these cycles namely data, information and knowledge. It’s quite amazing that these three can rule the world.  They included the so called “Infosphere”. It is a new word for us but it is basically the information that rules our lives into modern technology. “Infos” means the gathered data on a particular topic and the “Sphere” is what surrounds us. It is just like a nature with technology included.

 

 

What I’ve learned:

 

I learned the function and structure of “infosphere”. To be honest, it’s the first time I heard about infosphere. It is a new word for us and we don’t actually know the meaning of it. Now, because it is related to information, infosphere is widespread information across the globe. All those who are in I.T should also know this for further knowledge in Information technology field.

 

I also learned that humans have a greatest responsibility as a main element on ethical issues. We are acting like an agent toward the infosphere. The human as the main entity must be informed about information ethics so that the ethics will be addressed to other people who are involved in information ethics. Other people can also apply these values to other people. Overall, it’s all for us, anybody can use it.

 

The foundations of ethics in general are very much useful in many ways. We are humans who control a the world must have knowledge to have ideas on the foundation of ethics. Thanks to the foundation of ethics because it gives basis to other people who are working in I.T field and other fields.

 

 

 

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1. What is infosphere?
2. What are the structures of it?
3. What is the function of this particular chapter / discussion?
4. Does this study is very useful?
5. What is the impact of I.T course on the foundation of information ethics?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 2: Milestones in the History of Information and Computer Ethics

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: TERRELL WARD BYNUM

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

Quote:

 

“Cybernetics takes the view that the structure of the machine or of the organism is an index

of the performance that may be expected from it.”

 

Learning Expectations

• I expect to learn what are the milestones in information and computer ethics?
• The history of the people in creating modern technology.
• How did Weiner contribute his works to the world?

 

Review:

 

This chapter is the collection of the history of information and computer ethics. It is stated here all information regarding computer ethics. The Second World War is the starting point of the history. It is all where information and computer ethics starts. Also in Second World War, number one advancement created by humans is the internet which connects one network to another. It is good to say that because of world war, people are really passionate in doing new things that can really help in the world war. They use this as a tool to fight against the enemy. As they create these tools, people can now acquire knowledge for technology. The outputs are all information. One story at that time was a philosopher and scientist, Norbert Wiener who are involved in digital computers. Because he is involved here, lots of ideas come into his mind specifically the idea of defense using technology. All of these are called “enormous potential for good and evil.” Because of this idea, he thinks now that the new information technology could change the world in a literal way. He also based the industrial revolution because of this revolution, people cannot collect ideas to have an advancements particularly advancement in technology. It is hard to predict the “second industrial revolution” as an “automatic age”. In this particular age, all are high tech. At this age, we come to a point that all are technical. It is hard to foresee this but it is a good prediction for us provided that these technology will don’t give us harmful reasons. Thanks to the people who are involved in the industrial revolution and Second World War age.

 

 Wiener really has great contribution for the change of the world. He even wrote a book so called “cybernetics”. With this book, the ethical impacts sides are included so that people would know the right and wrong about this. He laid the foundation of information ethics and computer ethics as an eccentric study of that time. They would not know the future, even he don’t know it. As the time goes by, the social and cultural impacts of social computing are developed. As of today, we are considering Wiener study as a good milestone of the coming era.

 

 

 

 

 

 

About the book, it is basically the foundation of information ethics which involves human and technology. Weiner base his study on this way by evaluating the human perspective on health, happiness, security, freedom, knowledge, opportunities and ability of a particular person. He based his idea on this so that it is the side of human and to be based on ethical and moral values, naturally. The “cybernetic view of human nature and society” was really a big help giving foundational ideas on ethics for the “purpose of a human life”. In referring to life as a conclusion is that a purpose of a human life is to “flourish as the kind of information-processing organisms that human in a natural way”. This means that Weiner are really basing to a natural point of view.

 

 

 

What I’ve learned:

I learn the basic function of cybernetics for the foundational historical information and computer ethics. I learn that in natural way, the idea will just come out as the human thinks. All of us are aiming for a good life. Because we have a freedom to overcome a good life, we need to stick up ideas on how to be creative in our lives including the ethical values we must have. We are now dealing in technology these days. Because of Weiner’s idea, we can level up our lives through the technology we have today as well as the life we have today. We must be happy in all aspect because we can achieve for a good life. Through the foundational ideas stated here, we must do the best we can to live our lives to the fullest.

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1.       What is cybernetics?

2.       What is the basic function of cybernetics?

3.       Does it give function that we are really up to?

4.       How did Weiner come up to this idea?

5.       What was the reason why technological advancement are created today?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 3: Moral Methodology and Information Technology

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: Jeroen van den Hoven

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

Quote:

 

“It studies the moral questions that are associated with the development, application, and use of computers and computer science.”

 

Learning Expectations

• To have brief background in the methodology they made.
• What are the needs in I.T Field?
• How computer exemplifies?

 

Review:

 

This chapter talks about cyber ethics with a computer concept. In short, this is called the computer ethics. From the moral questions mixed up with computer related topic through development, and application. Professionals and other people who are involved in computer technology have many questions on what is right and what is wrong on particular ethical issues or ethical questions. It is hard to identify which is which and specifically it is hard if there are no references justifying the ethical or moral values. If you are an I.T person, it is hard to identify your point of view. Even you cannot identify it. Justifying answers is hard to formulate because you must know also the basis of a particular topic is.

 

In the field of IT, it is everywhere. Information technology department is a must for a company today in order to survive simply because we are in the 21^st century and companies must be innovative as much as possible. What if a problem occurs regarding the ethical values? What would be the basis of this particular problem? Well, it is all indicated here. As we review this chapter, we will learn how moral methodology and information technology works.

 

According to the methodology of information technology, they described that there are surely specific properties of computers need to be accommodated in our moral thinking about it. At the end we are the one who will take advantage of the computers specifically in information technology. They describe this as the following. It is Ubiquitous and pervasive and comes to be a universal technology because of its logical and malleability. The computer can also simulate, communicate, recreate, and calculate and so on. These are the features of computers that can be use by people. It’s unimaginable because in the past centuries, they only predicted all of these. And here we are in the 21^st century, we are dealing with them with an ethical values involved. Another description of computers is that it is a universal technology because of its unique feature, logical malleability. It is constitutive technology which serves as an essential part of our lives.

 

There are many methodologies in the information technology. More and more methodologies will be discovering at the later part. The question is when, why, what?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

What I’ve learned:

 

 

I learned how the people managed to got an idea in discovering methodologies in information technology. These ideas were very powerful because this gives an information to information technology methodology. The people keep making concepts to have a better conceptualization output in the future so that they can discover more about technology. In line of these technologies, people also learn how to manage the moral methodology. Combining this two is a better conceptualization that is good for our day to day living.

 

It is indicated here that methodological positions in applied ethics relevant for computer ethics. The natural aspect and technological aspect of ethics are combined which gives an interaction to the user. Second indication is that the sketch of proposed conception of method of ethics of technology. This will really give help for those who are into ethics of technology. Since ethics are all there, lot of information are discovered. I must appreciate this discovery as an I.T Student.

 

 

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1. How do they describe the methodology of information technology?
2. How did they apply the ethical values here?
3. How is it useful in society?
4. Does it change because of information technology?
5. Can we create more methodology in I.T?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 4: Value Sensitive Design and Information Systems

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: Batya Friedman, Peter H. Kahn Jr., and Alan Borning

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

Quote:

 

“Value Sensitive Design is a theoretically grounded approach to the design of technology that accounts for human values in a principled and comprehensive manner throughout the design process.”

 

 

Learning Expectations

 

• To learn what is value in Value Sensitive design.
• Idea on human values that is principled.
• Approaches in value system design.

 

Review:

 

Value system design on this discussion is made specifically for technology for human values. It is stated here that it employs an integrative and iterative methodology. It simply means that in every value that they made are very much important with an integrative and iterative point of view. Integrative means to put concepts together and iterative means in an incremental form. When we combine these two concepts, it results to a mixture concepts and may result to a value sensitive design.

 

During the early period of computerization, Wiener again, (stated in the previous chapter) a scientist and cyberneticist stated on his book that technology could help make us better human beings and create more just society. But most of all, because of the features that technology given to us, we must take control of what we created. Maybe in future, or a prediction, technology will rule over than human being. In his perspective, we must reject worshipping our created new technological advancement here on earth. The human value system design has emerged as stated on this chapter. These are in computer ethics, social information, Computer-supported cooperative work, and participatory design. These functions can really affect the lives of humans. These functions are very sensitive to us specifically in ethics. It can change our morality because we are following this value. It is explained here that in computer ethics particularly, it advances our way of thinking that intersect in computer technology and human lives. With these values, it can really affect the live of the people. Another thing is that in other values, these are all the same.

 

In technical investigation part of value sensitive design, it follows the suitable from properties of technology. The primary role is to give suit abilities that follow from properties of technology. It should be certain in all possible activities. 

What I’ve learned:

 

I learned the value system design is very much helpful in designing a particular principle. For example, the value of privacy. Privacy means it is a time which people choose in a private place. Knowing the fact that privacy is for an individual who need time to reflect. Privacy is an important part of a people lives because this is the time where we have to reflect or do the things we need to do independently. This is a good example of value sensitive design applying information systems. We need to apply and know this kind of principle so that other people would respect us to have also privacy for everything.

 

The suggestions are very much helpful in creating value sensitive design. Implementing it is slightly difficult but if you understand the concepts, it would be easier. These are the ff.

 

1. Start with a value, Technology, or context of use.
2. Identify direct and indirect stakeholders
3. Identify Benefits and Harms for Each Stakeholder Group
4. Conduct a Conceptual Investigation of Key Values
5. Identify Potential Value Conflicts
6. Integrate Value Considerations into One’s Organizational Structure

 

These are very useful and effective in integrating value sensitive design.

 

 

 

Integrative Questions:

1. Why does it called value sensitive design?
2. Can privacy still a private?
3. Who are involved in these values?
4. How to create a formal value sensitive design?
5. Can value design implement each one of those?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 5: Personality-Based, Rule-Utilitarian, and Lockean Justifications of Intellectual Property

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: ADAM D. MOORE

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

Quote:

 

“Intellectual property is generally characterized as nonphysical property that is the product of cognitive processes and whose value is based upon some idea or collection”

 

Learning Expectations

 

• To learn basically the intellectual property
• To learn the purpose of this aspect in computer ethics,
• Why do we need to adopt intellectual property?

 

Review:

 

The first part of this chapter discusses about what is intellectual property. It is explained at introduced here that intellectual property are all based on individual personality. Since each one of us has a individual personality, we assume that we have also intellectual property as well. We must be knowledgeable to develop ourselves. Innovating ourselves is one way of changing our lives. It is explained here that we must fight our strength and weaknesses. We have strength, then maintain it and make you good as possible. On the other hand, weakness is your fear as an individual, therefore fight your fears. This is to justify yourself to be intellectual person.

 

Its non-physical, which means, it is all based on ideas, on mental reasoning. The people must collaborate with all ideas we have. One must share ideas to others and ideas must be in a collaborative way of distributing it. It surrounds the control of physical appearance of the knowledge of the people. Each expression could be different but there is only one intellectual or rational idea.

 

This chapter is focusing on three aspects. These are the personality-based, rule-utilitarian and Lockean Justifications. The first one is the personality-based where an individual is just focusing on his/her personality. He/she has own ideas on a particular perspective. Only him/her can understand it and no one can interfere his/her ideas. Once it is shared to other person, there is surely a conflict between ideas. The intellectual property has now conflict. We can’t fight against it because, as explained, each one of us has an intellectual property. The analogy is that you can’t dive to the intellectual property of others because it is private and only he/she can only understand it. That’s for personality-based. The next one is the rule utilitarian. This is where utilitarian of intellectual properties used. Once the idea is passed to another person, then the person who will be receiving it is considered to be a utilitarian. He/she just use the intellectual idea of a particular person for the benefit for him / her. That’s absurd! Because making use of an individual’s idea is considered to be a utilitarian. It can give both positive and negative effects for the people. It will now depend on us if we use the utilitarian point of view. The last one is Lockean Justification where the justifications of human are more sensitive. Because it is where the human correct or justify his/her humanity in terms of his/her ideas in life.

 

 

 

 

What I’ve learned:

 

I learned how to utilize my intellectual ideas in such way that applying these aspects in my life. To be honest, it is complicated. In determining your own personality, you must be knowledgeable about yourself first. Knowing yourself is one of the most important things in life. Therefore the ideas you are thinking are also important and also part of your intellectual property. The rule-utilitarian can give us positive and negative effects because your ideas or intellectual property can be beneficial to others. The justification is also important because the dignity of one person is relying to it.

 

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1. What is personality based?
2. What is rule-utilitarian?
3. What is justification?
4. What are the purposes of these aspects to an individual?
5. How can we use this correctly?

 

 

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 6: Informational Privacy: Concepts, Theories and Controversies

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: HERMAN T. TAVANI

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

 

Quote:

 

“It would seem that privacy is not simply a static concept, but instead has a dynamic component.”

 

Learning Expectations

• The basic concept of privacy
• I expect the usefulness of privacy to an individual
• Privacy as a whole.

 

Review:

 

 

This chapter discusses all about informational privacy. To start with, let us define the concept of privacy. It is usually a separate side where a state of being is apart from other people. Only those people within the privacy boundary will just exchange ideas and more information regarding a particular topic. Unlike public, it is publicly announced to the people who they are addressing to. When we say privacy, it is very sensitive because no one among those states being will pass the information they conversed. That means, that topic is very sensitive and powerful. Those private people don’t want to be shared to other people. That’s the basic analogy, example, and concept of privacy.

 

As the chapter goes, it is explained that the privacy is not simply a static concept, but instead, it has dynamic component. This only means that privacy cannot be changed at all. What is trying to say with this concept is that it should not be in a fixed position. This privacy must also be a dynamic aspect so that people within an organization knows what is happening in that particular issue. Well, of course, the privacy only needs the people who are in the authority to make assumptions. That’s the concept of privacy on our physical lives. What about informational privacy?

 

It’s discussed here those theories like “reductionist” and “ownership-based” accounts are part of informational privacy. Let’s define first the reductionist concept. Basically it aims for simplification of a particular thing. Privacy visualized here as the utility that will help that are very useful to us. It can also preserve human dignity as well. It is a very useful utility for us because if privacy applied, there are no problems to you as a person. People cannot argue with you because they don’t know what the topics are for you. The restricted access theory is quite different.  The “zones” of privacy should be in a limited form.  It should

 

What I’ve learned:

 

·         I learned the basic concept of privacy

·         Privacy should not be a static aspect

·         I learned how people use privacy in a correct way. We must use it in a correct way.

·         Rights conception of privacy.

·         Four distinct kinds of privacy.

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1. What is privacy in a corporate setting?
2. How can privacy help us in doing things right or wrong?
3. Does privacy affects the morality of an individual?
4. What are the four distinct kinds of privacy?
5. What are the theories of informational privacy?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 7: Online Anonymity

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author:  KATHLEEN A. WALLACE

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

 

Quote:

 

“The logic of anonymity in modern life”

 

Learning Expectations

 

• What is anonymity?
• What is/are the connection of anonymity online?
• How can be implemented?

Review:

 

When we say the word “Anonymity”, the first concept comes into our mind is that it is questionable, or in other words, unidentifiable. We have no idea about it. We don’t know how to define it, that’s why, anonymity is defined also as a freedom from identification. It is anonymous, in a way that we don’t know everything about it, and because we have no idea about it, we must think something for it, we must define it as much as possible to give description to it. Because of this, the word “freedom” came out. And since freedom is so much powerful to a person, we have a power to choose it and a power to have a responsibility over it. Anonymity is the state of not knowing of something and therefore, it considered as a lack of distinctiveness. We know that this is existed but we have no description over it. No one can define unless, if we have more information about it, there’s a big possibility that we could define it formally. For the next part of this chapter, we will deal the purpose and the impact of anonymity in the social environment.

 

Anonymity maybe deliberately sought or something that occurs spontaneously from the sheer complexity of modern life.  That’s the effect in our lives. As we can see, it occurs spontaneously, therefore, we don’t know everything about it and we are clueless about it. For instance, If a person asked you to define a particular character in the movie and that character role is very mysterious, then we have to think that this character only done a particular role which is a big role in the film, but you can’t identify his/her name especially when that actor/actress is not that popular, therefore, the first perception is that “who is this character in real life?” As a result, it is called the anonymous character in the movie. So, the next time you so this character, we will think that “This is the character in the movie”. But still, it is anonymous to you because you have no information about it. As an analogy to social environment, If there is something existed and people have an issue about it, the people just think that this is anonymous simply because they have no idea for it. And since it is spontaneous, we will immediately forget about this issue. And if you have no interest with it, therefore, it will mislay into your mind.

 

That’s the concept of anonymity in a layman’s point of view. How about if it is on the internet and social environment side? Does anonymity is still present? How can anonymity applied in the social and internet side?

 

 

 Based on this chapter, the Internet as a social environment may be of concern in so far as it has the capacity to increase the scope of natural or spontaneous anonymity as a by-product of or endemic to the nature of online communicative relations. Since we have a powerful tool like internet, there are lots of spontaneous anonymity will happen. Believe it or not, it will come across the globe. The social per se have a big possibility to react over this issue. See the picture of the impact? It is very much sensitive. People will react and react just to identify this anonymity of something will be affecting their lives. Since internet is powerful tool, it is also a big help to eliminate the conception of anonymity. For example in a social networking site, if someone viewed your profile that is anonymous, then you don’t know him/her. Therefore, since internet has the information and there are other social networking site, and you are interested who he/she is, then you can find it through net by social networking site.  In this way, you can identify the person and you can eliminate your anonymity.

 

Another sensitive part is that if a hacker hacked into your system, and you don’t know this particular hacker, it is anonymous for you; therefore, if you are good in hacking you can do it to him/her. The problem is that how about the 10 commandments of computer ethics? You will violate one of those. It will depend on your moral or conscience if you will do that or not.

 

What I’ve learned:

 

 

I learned that anonymity is sometimes good or bad. Based on this chapter, it is an advantage and disadvantage for us people to know the anonymity of something. The idea is that we are now in the modern world and information is so much powerful in terms to social impact. Therefore, the internet as a tool, we must use it to identify something that is good for us and can benefit us in a way that it is a good manner or way.

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1.     What is anonymity?

2.     What’s the role of internet in terms of this particular topic?

3.     How can we use this in defending ourselves?

4.     How can we actually deal with it?

5.     Does 10 commandment present in this particular chapter?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 8: Ethical Issues Involving Computer Security: Hacking, Hacktivism, and Counter hacking

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: KENNETH EINAR HIMMA

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

 

Quote:

 

“Whether and to what extent various types of unauthorized computer intrusions”

 

 

Learning Expectations

 

·         To know basically what is this topic?

·         Why ethical involves in computer security?

·         The difference of hacking, hacktivism and counterhacking

Review:

Many people say that hacking is wrong and some say that hacking is right. Well, it depends. We cannot determine the real act of hacking unless we do it in actual. For most people even an ordinary people, they say that hacking is wrong because hacking is exploring the private property of anyone without asking an official permission to the owner. Hacking is a skill wherein hackers do their best to access file that are protected. The word hacking is known in digital world because for computer people hacking is the term of destroying a security. The more malicious acts in hacking, the more people cause harm because hackers ruin their personal life. For computer technology, hacking constitutes a digital trespass onto a property of another person. This means that are those people who try to hack a private property, he/she may do so, but the conscience of guilt is still there.

 

Ethical issues involved here because in computer security also involves the morality of human rights. Asking question what is right and what is wrong. How do they do the wrong thing if they intend to do it in wrong way and likewise. Ethical is so much powerful that can give us more strength to do a particular thing. Again, it’s matter of what is right and what is wrong. If a computer hacker wants to hacks the system, it’s fine, but make sure that this will not harm other people because it is considered as a wrongdoing. If it is for good, then do it.

What I’ve learned:

The first pat talks about prima facie, it means at first glance, the system will not know if the intrusions made by the hacker are coming or not, therefore, the concept of security here must be in a high level so that hackers will be disappointed if they hack the system. It’s a matter of throwing of intrusions and empowering the system. High to high level of security and low to low level of security. It all depends on the hackers how they will play for it. The most important part here is the ethical values that a person wants to give in.

 

The first section articulates a prima facie general case against these intrusions. The second considers intrusions motivated by malicious intentions and by certain benign intentions, such as the intent to expose security vulnerabilities. The third considers hacktivism, while the fourth considers counterhacking (or hackbacks).

 

 

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1.     Why is it that ethical issue involves in computer security?

2.     What are the purposes of security in computers?

3.     Is it true that hacking is wrong?

4.     Why people need to secure their computers?

5.     How did people adopt this knowledge of security for hackers?

 

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 9: Information Ethics and the Library Profession

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author:  KAY MATHIESEN and DON FALLIS

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

Quote:

 

“Librarianship as a distinct profession, however, is relatively a recent development.”

 

Learning Expectations

 

·         The connection of library profession to information ethics?

·         Why library related to ethics?

·         Is this profession good or not?

·         The power of information ethics

 

Review:

 

Librarianship is also a profession. Thus, this chapter discusses how a librarian makes a contribution to the modern world. As a librarian, the primary role of this job is to organize books collected around the world. It is a distinct or clearly different position because this profession shows the natural aspect of job. For library, it is purely manual because books are only collected however, it is a relatively development to the world, to publish a book, lots of process must be made. Press, collections of works, printing and etc. Collection may be a larger and more complex and it is relatively different development. In creating a greater need for someone, it is devoted to organizing cataloging such as collections.

 

As stated from this particular chapter, Librarianship as a distinct profession, however, is relatively a recent development? With the advent of the printing press, collections of works became larger and more complex, thus creating a greater need for someone devoted to organizing and cataloging such collections. For those people who organize, and preserved books, and other documents, they are also considered as a authentic librarian because they did their job by doing these things. This job is also important not just for our individual perspective but also in society as a whole. Some people think that this job is boring but this job is interesting. First and foremost, librarians are universal, meaning that they are suited for all library works around the world. The collection, organization and preservation of books and documents is there primary job.

 

The relation of this profession to computer ethics is that it librarians are the primary source of information of books and other stuffs related to it. Therefore, since they are in the right position of doing this, they are also considered as a professional that can organize information.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Base on this chapter, consider the challenges that confront the librarian in carrying out his or her professional duties, in particular with regard to selection of materials and the organization of these materials. Since the ethical obligations of librarians as professionals will at least partly be determined by the role that librarians play in society,  to understand the mission and values of the librarian in order to understand what those ethical obligations are.

 

(1) Books are for use.

(2) Every person his or her book.

(3) Every book its reader.

(4) Save the time of the reader.

(5) The library is a growing organism.

 

These are their primary job or mission which is very important to our society as well as in modern world.

 

 

What I’ve learned:

 

As stated on this chapter that Librarians and governing bodies should maintain that parents—and only parents—havethe right and the responsibility to restrict the access of their children—and only their children—to library resources. Parents who do not want their children to have access to certain library services, materials, or facilities should so advise their children. Librarians and library governing bodies cannot assume the role of parents or the functions of parental authority in the private relationship between parent and child

 

The Information Ethics Special Interest Group of the Association for Library and Information Science Education strongly advocates that information ethics should be encouraged as an important aspect of education, research, scholarship, service, and practice in library and information studies and in other related professions.   It therefore advocates that attention to information ethics (either through the curriculum, instructor expertise, resources, or symposia) be considered for development by library and information studies education programs.  Schools of library and information studies are encouraged to implement this recommendation. 

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1.     How did the author relate it to information ethics?

2.     Why it is that ethics is present while this chapter talks about library profession?

3.     How is it important to collect information?

4.     Can this topic help improve information ethics?

5.     What is librarianship?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 10: Ethical Interest in Free and Open Source Software

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: Frances S. Grodzinsky and Marty J. Wolf

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

Quote:

 

“The Free Software movement can be credited with providing an impetus for establishing notions of freedom for other types of digital media”

 

Learning Expectations

·         Expect to learn the interest in free and open source software.

·         Why is it that many are interested in open source free software?

·         Why does a person take advantage to this kind of software’s?

·         The relation of ethical values towards free software.

 

Review:

 

(1) Freedom to run the program, for any purpose.

(2) Freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs.

(3) Freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor.

(4) Freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the Public, so that the whole community benefits.

While the Internet’s rapid expansion has enabled an equally rapid expansion of webbased professional services, it has not been matched by the consideration and understanding of the related ethical implications. The growth of new opportunities is accompanied by equal, if not greater, growth in ethical issues for businesses seeking to expand their offerings via the Internet. These issues include the quality of services and information, privacy and security, nature of relationship, forms of delivery, contractual considerations, and regulation and enforcement.

Computers have a central and growing role in commerce, industry, government, medicine, education, entertainment and society at large. Software engineers are those who contribute by direct participation or by teaching, to the analysis, specification, design, development, certification, maintenance and testing of software systems. Because of their roles in developing software systems, software engineers have significant opportunities to do good or cause harm, to enable others to do good or cause harm, or to influence others to do good or cause harm. To ensure, as much as possible, that their efforts will be used for good, software engineers must commit themselves to making software engineering a beneficial and respected profession. In accordance with that commitment, software engineers shall adhere to the following Code of Ethics and Professional Practice.

 

 

The Code contains eight Principles related to the behavior of and decisions made by professional software engineers, including practitioners, educators, managers, supervisors and policy makers, as well as trainees and students of the profession. The Principles identify the ethically responsible relationships in which individuals, groups, and organizations participate and the primary obligations within these relationships. The Clauses of each Principle are illustrations of some of the obligations included in these relationships. These obligations are founded in the software engineer’s humanity, in special care owed to people affected by the work of software engineers, and in the unique elements of the practice of software engineering. The Code prescribes these as obligations of anyone claiming to be or aspiring to be a software engineer.

 

What I’ve learned:

 

I learned that the distinction between Free Software and Open Source Software has had a positive effect on the software development community and on the larger online community as well. Regardless of the motivation of individual developers, it is difficult to find fault with their willingness to give their creative contributions to the world to study and adapt as the world sees fit.

 

 

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1.     What is open source software?

2.     Why is it free?

3.     What are the ethical responsibilities of software developers?

4.     What are the accountabilities made in open source software?

5.     The relation of creative commons on this article?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 11: Internet Research Ethics: The Field and Its Critical Issues

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: Elizabeth A. Buchanan and Charles Ess

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

 

Quote:

 

“We consider some of the most current issues in IRE, including the complex interactions between methodologies and ethics, and also whether or not a genuinely”

 

Learning Expectations

 

·         The role of IRE in critical issues?

·         How can critical issues controlled?

·         How people conduct an internet research?

 

Review:

 

Philosophical Foundations: Sources, Frameworks, and Initial Considerations Philosophers who examine extant statements on research ethics from diverse disciplines and diverse countries will recognize that these make use of at least two familiar.

Internet research nowadays and ethics is going to have an effect on the forms of research that are sanctioned or even permissible, the ways that we understand Internet culture, and our larger understandings of individuals and society. This suggests that there are significant consequences to hindering the participation of certain disciplines and preventing some kinds of histories from being produced. A truly ethical model of Internet research ethics would acknowledge such outcomes and encourage a variety of histories and disciplines. It would develop guidelines and rules that consider these problems at the same time as it foregrounds their possible effects

Academics from varied institutions and countries are engaged in the important task of articulating ethical guidelines for those who research the Internet. However, they have failed to provide users and researchers with important information because they do not address the ways that Internet material is mediated and constructed. The ethical issues and dilemmas involved in Internet research include researchers who ignore the screen, varied icons, repetitive motifs, and produced content. Addressing constructed material is important because Internet settings abound with ageist, classist, homophobic, racist, and sexist imagery and ideas. The current writing about ethical Internet research behaviors can enable such intolerant conceptions by encouraging academics and other users to presume that Internet settings provide access to the truth about individuals or are a direct conduit to people. In other words, conceiving of Internet material as people and human subjects without foregrounding the constructed aspects of users’ proclaimed “self-representations” makes it seems like Internet material is exacting and natural.The global reach of the Internet means that research participants may be drawn from a wide range of nations and cultures.

 

 

What I’ve learned:

 

Many Internet users shift between describing Internet settings as a conduit to the self and as artistic or cultural production. Acknowledging the highly mediated and representational aspects of this material and considering the ethical codes of research disciplines that engage with culturally produced material suggest a very different set of research strategies. When Internet material is viewed as cultural production then the models for Internet research

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1.     What are the Philosophical foundations of IRE?

2.     What is IRE?

3.     What are the roles of IRE to our lives?

4.     Why is it called a young field of intersections?

5.     The role of this topic to society.

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 12: Health Information Technology: Challenges in Ethics, Science,

and Uncertainty

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: Kenneth W. Goodman

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

 

 

Quote:

“Humans use tools to do extraordinary things.”

 

Learning Expectations

 

·         Why is it called the health information technology?

·         Expect to learn the challenges on this topic?

·         Why ethics again involved here?

 

Review:

 

It is sadly and too often the case that many professionals regard ethics as a source of codes for the edification of the not-yet-virtuous, as a place where pointy-headed bowfins pass judgment on heathens, as an office to call in search of someone with a horse and a sword to come .round to smite the evildoers.

 

There is arguably no better trigger for reflection on morality and its relationship to the lawand society than privacy and its cousin, confidentiality. The demands of privacy are intuitively straightforward and the consequences of its violation obvious

 

The chapter even included privacy in health information technology. Privacy is, most generally, as discussed in the chapter, the right entitlement or reasonable expectation people have that they are and will be secure from intrusion. Given the example in the chapter, it is obvious that society values both personal privacy and the law enforcement but in some cases, the police officer investigating a crime may and, in fact, must take steps to justify that her official need is worth the intrusion. “Put differently, privacy rights are not absolute, but may be balanced against other values. The same is true for confidentiality, which applies to information—medical records, for instance. Where privacy is customarily about people, confidentiality applies to information about people. Privacy is also sometimes regarded as including within its scope people’s concern about protecting confidentiality. Privacy is a broader concept.” – indeed as a broader concept yet privacy still serve as one of the most studied factor in information technology and one that is most protected.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Since we are talking here about health information, I can say that computers complicate medical privacy and confidentiality in interesting ways. According to a sentinel Institute of Medicine analysis, a number of entities demand patient information to “assess the health of the public and patterns of illness and injury;

identify unmet.

 

 

 

 

What I’ve learned:

 

As stated on the book, Computers have been reckoned both to make it easier than paper records to acquire medical information inappropriately. They have misused the computer. But again, computer is non-living things and computer cannot control our mind.

 

We value accuracy and efficiency, but it should be uncontroversial to hypothesize that some people are

Prepared, in principle, to delegate to machines that which confounds those healers. And we value control over all of this, while hoping that the tools used to manage our health require sacrifices that are not burdensome.

 

To meet these challenges, we turn to various forms of inquiry: science and ethics.

There is of course no alternative.

 

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1.     Is it literally called “Health”?

2.     Why this topic need also a privacy and confidentiality

3.     The difference of privacy and confidentiality?

4.     What is the value of accuracy?

5.     What are the challenges to this topic?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 13: Ethical Issues of Information and Business

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: Bernd Carsten Stahl

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

 

Quote:

 

“Businesses and the economic system they work in have an important influence on ethical issues arising from information and information and communication technology.”

 

 

Learning Expectations

 

·         Expect to learn the issues of ethics and information business

·         The effects of ethics towards information per se

·         The effects of ethics towards business per se

 

Review:

 

Computers have changed the way offices are organized and the tasks done. They have changed manufacturing, purchasing, marketing, finance, and management. The ethical issues are therefore not simply issues that are involved in computers and their use and in information technology more broadly, but in the way business is done in the Information Age. We can distinguish five different kinds of ethical problems connected with information technology: 1 Ethical issues in the use of technology in business 2 Ethical issues in the information technology business 3 Ethical issues dealing with the Internet 4 Ethical issues in e-business 5 Ethical issues resulting from the impact of computers and information technology on society, both nationally and internationally The five are interrelated. Lurking behind all of them is the Myth of Amoral Computers and Information Technology. This is the widespread belief that computers and information technology have nothing to do with ethics. Computers, of course, are a type of machine and are not moral beings. But they are developed, programmed, and used by human beings. Nonetheless, “The computer is down” is often taken as a valid excuse, as if no one is to blame for this and no moral blame should be assessed.

The appropriate use of digital communications such as email and text messaging is another area that must be clearly understood by the employee and it is the employer’s responsibility to set the guidelines. Many employees need to be taught that text based communications can be more often misinterpreted than spoken communications because other verbal and body language cues are not present.

 

 

 

 

What I’ve learned:

 

In this chapter I have learned that in digital age, it is the responsibility employers to guide their employees on the proper use of information systems. Without such guidance, the workplace can become an offensive atmosphere with significant ethical and legal consequences for the employer.

 

 

 

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1. What are the ethical issues about Information?
2. What are the ethical issues about business?
3. What is CSR? Explain
4. What is Business Ethics?
5. What is the difference between Information ethics to Business ethics?

 

Citations: N/A

 

Book Review: Chapter 14: Responsibilities for Information on the Internet

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: Anton Vedder

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

 

Quote:

 

“According to Friedman, if they were to have these responsibilities,

then these responsibilities might easily conflict with their obligations to make profits

for the stockholders”

Learning Expectations:

 

• To learn how this responsibilities help information on the internet become better.
• To learn what are the responsibilities for information on the internet.
• To learn the effects and benefits of the responsibilities to information as well as to the internet as well.

Review:

 

We, as online users, have our own responsibilities in handling our own source of information – ourselves. The government, in my point of view, should be more concerned in this issue but other than that, we need to take action ourselves because the internet is a huge place for information to be spread and that alone is not really something I would think as just a petty file share. Of course, file sharing is another thing but what about copyright? Piracy? Infringement? There are a lot of issues we have to dwell with right after knowing what it is that needs to be done but still, be responsible enough to take extra protective measures with what you do online.

It takes an enormous amount of work to understand what theories mean for real-world situations, issues, and decisions, and in some sense, we don’t understand theories until we understand what they imply about real-world situations. Practical ethics is best understood as the domain in which there is negotiation between theory and real-world situations.

 

What I’ve learned:

I have learned about the Information in general as it was mentioned the debate on information-related responsibilities was until recently restricted to the issues of ISP’s responsibilities with regard to clearly illegal or immoral content.

Integrative Questions:

 

1. What the responsibilities for information are as stated in this chapter?
2. What is Information in general?
3. What is the relation of Internet and Information?
4. What is ISP?
5. What are the conditions of responsibility?

 

Citations: N/A