Book Review: Chapter 15: Virtual Reality and Computer Simulation

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: Philip Brey

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

Quote:

 

“Technologies raise important ethical questions about the way in which they represent reality and the misrepresentations, biased representations, and offensive representations that they may contain.”

 

Learning Expectations:

 

• To learn Virtual Reality.
• To learn Computer Simulation
• To learn the relation of the two.
• To know the difference and distinction between virtual and real

 

Review:

 

The endoscope is maneuvered in the duodenum until the major duodenal papilla is identified. The papilla is a nodular protuberance on the medial wall of the duodenum through which the bile duct and pancreatic duct expel bile and pancreatic juice respectively into the duodenum to aid in the process of digestion. After the endoscope is positioned near the major duodenal papilla, a catheter is inserted through a channel of the endoscope and directed into the desired ductal system (biliary or pancreatic) by changing the position of the flexible endoscope tip in relation to the papilla. An “elevator” apparatus at the tip of the endoscope can also be utilized to adjust the angle at which the catheter enters the papilla. To guide the catheter into the papilla, the physician relies on visual feedback from the endoscopic video display and tactile resistance encountered when advancing the catheter. In diagnostic ERCP, contrast dye is injected through the catheter while fluoroscopic images are observed and roentgenograms are obtained.

How technology can do such wonders for our benefits and allows us to experience something more than what we should have experienced back then.

What I’ve learned:

The computer simulation is sensitive activities exist nowadays.  Let’s say for example as stated above my review, endoscope is guided into position using standard endoscopic techniques. A position tracking system reports the endoscope movements to a high performance Silicon Graphics computer which controls the interactions and updates the computer generated imagery on the monitor. That’s why by knowing this, we can still keep the reality even if it is a virtual technology.

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1. What is Virtual Reality?
2. What is Computer Simulation?\
3. What is the difference between real and virtual?
4. Give examples of virtual reality.
5. What is avatar?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 16: Genetic Information: Epistemological and Ethical Issues

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: Antonio Marturano

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

 

Quote:

 

“The future of biology is strongly tied to that of bioinformatics, a field of research that collects all sort of biological data, tried to make sense of living organisms in their entirety and then make predictions.”

 

Learning Expectations

• To learn different Epistemological Issues.
• To learn more different Ethical Issues.
• To learn what is genetic information.
• To learn semantic and synthetic theory.

 

Review:

 Identify an ethical question or case regarding the integration of information technology into society. Typically this focuses upon technology-generated possibilities that could affect (or are already affecting) life, health, security, happiness, freedom, knowledge, opportunities, or other key human values. Clarify any ambiguous or vague ideas or principles that may apply to the case or the issue in question. If possible, apply already existing, ethically acceptable principles, laws, rules, and practices that govern human behavior in the given society.

It was explained “that genetic information is the genes containing an amount of information (the so-called TACG amino acids sequence) and able to build a human being up is today a seldom challenged triviality. This idea is fundamental to the so-called “Central Dogma” of genetics. The “Central Dogma”, as originally formulated by Crick, is a negative hypothesis, which states that information cannot flow downward from protein to DNA.” No, DNAs are not really my professional concern but I am aware that like DNAs, computers withhold an amazing degree of information no man can memorize but can definitely determine.

 

 

What I’ve learned:

I have learned the Concept of Information, The Notion of Genetic Information, Ideological Use of a Model and Ethical Issues in Fund-raising, Cooperation and Public Access of Data.

Integrative Questions:

1.     What is semantic theory?

2.     What is synthetic theory?

3.     What is genetic information?

4.     What did Berlinski contribute? Elaborate.

5.     What did Maynard mention? Explain.

Book Review: Chapter 17: The Ethics of Cyber Conflict

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: Dorothy E. Denning

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

 

Quote:

 

“Besides cyber attacks conducted for pleasure or personal gain, the paper does not consider revenge attacks by insiders—all of which are generally regarded as unethical.”

 

 

Learning Expectations

• To learn more about cyberspace.
• To learn the distinction of combatants from noncombatants
• To learn the ethics of cyber conflict.
• To learn different cyber attacks happened in the past.

 

 

Review:

 

The issue of law and cyber conflict is something that while relatively new, is something that people, nation states, and military organizations have been working on for the last 10 years at least. Many countries have robust cyber warfare rules of engagement, and the more interesting part about this is that any country with an internet connection can engage in cyber conflicts. Attribution (IE Knowing who is attacking you, and being able to act appropriately against the real place that is attacking you) has long been a problem. Zombies, bot nets, jump points, and the millions of compromised computers both Windows and Linux are the cannon fodder of cyber warfare. Attributing the attacker back to the point of origin is going to be difficult if not impossible without some smart people having unrestricted access to packets, and to compromised systems. Legally though, it gets more interesting as the state of cyber law is often well behind the state of cyber warfare tools.

With the advancing technology, even internet can cause war to countries. It could be a silent war; no one would get hurt… physically. Cyber conflict may result to chaos to the concerned parties. Such as what happened in September 2000, wherein Israelite teenage hackers created a website that successfully jammed six websites in Lebanon, causing a huge turmoil in different websites in Israel, including those of the Palestinians and at least one U.S. site. They made two main types of attacks, the website defacement and distributed denial of service.

What I’ve learned:

 

• Jus ad Bellum—The Law of Conflict Management
• When Does a Cyber Attack Constitute the Use of Force
• Jus in Bello—The Law of War
• Distinction of Combatants from Noncombatants.

·           Military Necessity.

·           Proportionality.

·           Indiscriminate Weapons.

·           Superfluous Injury.

·           Perfidy.

·           Neutrality.

 

 

 

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1. What is cyberspace?
2. What is hacktivism?
3. What happened in the law of war?
4. What is the doctrine of self defense?
5. What it is about hack back and force?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 18: A Practical Mechanism for Ethical Risk Assessment — A SoDIS Inspection

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: Don Gotterbarn, Tony Clear, and Choon-Tuck Kwan

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

Quote:

 

“The availability of high-quality software is critical for the effective use of information

technology in organizations”

 

Learning Expectations

 

• To learn the Generic Standards for Risk Analysis Models.
• To learn A Practical Mechanism for Ethical Risk Assessment.
• To learn what is Sodis Inspection Model.

 

Review:

 

The quantitative nature of the tool allows a company to determine whether or not it has successfully decreased its ethical risk over time. But the qualitative aspect of the tool allows the organization to identify and address specific risk-prone areas by minimizing risks that can be controlled and by instigating effective measures to counteract unavoidable risks.

In developing their tool, the pair looked at two existing measures of ethical risk that were ultimately found lacking: the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and the Ethics Resource Center Ethics Quick Test.

The GRI takes a broad look at social performance measures, looking at how a company adhered to multinational codes and standards in the past, Berman explained. “It’s really backward-looking. It really says what we’ve done, and not what kinds of risks we have and how do we manage them. It doesn’t help us manage the risk going forward, so unfortunately, we didn’t find it super helpful.”

The Ethics Quick Test focuses on 12 areas of an organization’s commitment to ethics, such as how ethics factors into its organizational values, strategies, goals, objectives, policies and procedures. It looks at organizational incentives, decision-making, and tone at the top, as well as ethics evaluation, education, and training. But the major downfall of the Quick Test, Berman noted, was that it focuses on organizational dynamics as ethical risk factors, without really getting at individual or industrial-level factors.

 

 

 

 

 

 

What I’ve learned:

 

In this chapter I learned the following issues about:

o   Generic Standards for Risk Analysis Models

o   The Context

o   Risk Identification

o   Risk Analysis

o   Limitations of the Generic Standards

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1. What is SoDIS?
2. What is risk assessment?
3. Is risk assessment necessary?
4. What is Jus ad Bellum?
5. What is Jus in Bello?

 

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 19: Regulation and Governance of the Internet

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: John Weckert and Yeslam Al-Saggaf

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

 

 

Quote:

 

“Degrading Internet performance will not obviously harm many people very much, depending of course on the degradation

Learning Expectations

 

• To recognize the regulation and governance of the internet
• To learn what is Censorship
• To know internet regulation: moral arguments.

 

 

Review:

This technological, industrial and social innovation has risen to the very top of the major public policy priorities.  As a result, the desire to correct certain inconsistencies, gaps or dangers in the current situation has become part of the international political agenda. A certain number of tensions have also resulted.  Due to its UN framework, the Summit had as prerequisites the plurality of the actors and the equal acceptability of their viewpoints. The debates that resulted, whether formal or informal, whether included in the official program or led in parallel, emphasize the need to coordinate, if not harmonize, complex balances of power.

To examine how the regulation of the Internet has emerged as an object of global governance in the context of the United Nations. Secondly, using a neo-Foucauldian governmentality perspective, to explore and explain how these UN-initiated regulatory activities have been driven and shaped by a cluster of concerns, principals and imageries about technological features of the Internet and its relationship to socio-political transformations. This exploration gives important insights into the contemporary shape of Internet regulation and the principals and knowledge bases that have given momentum to and shaped this emergent object of global governance. In particular, the paper shows how technological features of the Internet have come to function as models for the shape of its regulation.

This inaugural lecture by Jonathan Zittrain proposes a theory about what lies around the corner for the Internet, how to avoid it, and how to study and affect the future of the internet using the distributed power of the network itself, using privacy as a signal example.

 

 

 

 

 

 

What I’ve learned:

 

I have learned that inside the nebulous “Internet governance” there coexist different regulatory models, more or less founded in the law, more or less specialized, more or less effective. We will not return to the particular, and in many respects emblematic, case of ICANN: the controversies over its legitimacy, its ability to operate and its future have fueled the greater part of research work on Internet governance in the past years and still provide the essential fuel for debates within the WSIS regarding the management of the technical resources of the Internet

 

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1.     What is Censorship?

2.     What is Content Regulation?

3.     What is Internet Govenrance?

4.     What is IP address?

5.     To what extent does the technology allowfor effective regulation?

 

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 20: Information Overload

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: David M. Levy

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

Quote:

 

“Some of these information goods are end-products (films an video games and newspapers), while others are agents of control (advertisement and e-mail messages) that help to manage the accelerating processes of production and consumption.”

 

Learning Expectations

 

• To learn what is Information Overload.
• To learn understand what is Information.
• To learn what are the consequences of information overload.
• To learn what is A Novel, Recurrent, or Ever-Present Phenomenon.
• To learn the brief history of the phrase.

 

 

Review:

 

The most obvious locus of information inundation is the office: e-mail, voice mail, phone calls, meetings, business journals, faxes, memos, manuals, Web research. The list goes on. Far from bringing about the anticipated “paperless office” and reduced work load, technological innovations have increased both areas.

Information technology, in fact, often diminishes workplace efficiency. Scientific American (“Taking Computers to Task,” July 1997) pointed out that despite the $1 trillion spent annually across the globe, “productivity growth measured in the seven richest nations has instead fallen precipitously in the last 30 years … Most of the economic growth can be explained by increased employment, trade and production capacity. Computers’ contributions, in contrast, nearly vanish in the noise.”  Blame can be pinned on everything from sound cards to solitaire, that numbing front-desk babysitter.

We can say that Data is like food. A good meal is served in reasonably-sized portions from several food groups. It leaves you satisfied but not stuffed. Likewise with information, we’re best served when we can partake of reasonable, useful portions, exercising discretion in what data we digest and how often we seek it out.  Unfortunately, we often do the opposite, ingesting information constantly to the point of choking on it. The risk of information asphyxiation touches all of us — managers, Web surfers, even lazy couch tubers. That’s the analogy of it.

 

 

What I’ve learned:

 

• Consequences of information overload
• Actions to be taken
• Definition of information overload
• Definition of information
• More than information
• Perception and reality
• A Novel, Recurrent, or Ever-Present Phenomenon
• History of the phrase
• Causes of information overload

 

 

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1. What is Information Overload?
2. What is Information?
3. What are the causes of information overload?
4. What is the consequence of information overload?
5. Explain the brief history of phrase.

 

 

Citations: N/A

 

Book Review: Chapter 21: Email Spam

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: Keith W. Miller and James H. Moor

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

Quote:

 

“A fundamental problem with any philosophical discussion of email spam is definitional. Exactly what constitutes spam?

Learning Expectations

 

• To know what is email spam.
• To know how searching for a characterization of “spam” was done.
• To know the number of identical email sent.
• To know what is Unsolicited Commercial Bulk Emails (UCBE).
• To know The Ethics of Reducing the Number of Spam Emails Read After They Are Sent

 

 

Review:

E-mail spam, also known as junk e-mail, is a subset of spam that involves nearly identical messages sent to numerous recipients by e-mail. A common synonym for spam is unsolicited bulk e-mail (UBE). Definitions of spam usually include the aspects that email is unsolicited and sent in bulk. “UCE” refers specifically to unsolicited commercial e-mail.

Furthermore, E-mail spam has steadily, even exponentially grown since the early 1990s to several billion messages a day. Spam has frustrated, confused, and annoyed e-mail users. Laws against spam have been sporadically implemented, with some being opt-out and others requiring opt in e-mail. The total volume of spam (over 100 billion emails per day as of April 2008^[update]) has leveled off slightly in recent years, and is no longer growing exponentially. The amount received by most e-mail users has decreased, mostly because of better filtering. About 80% of all spam is sent by fewer than 200 spammers. Botnets, networks of virus-infected computers, are used to send about 80% of spam. Since the cost of the spam is borne mostly by the recipient, it is effectively postage due advertising. Definitions of spam usually include the aspects that email is unsolicited and sent in bulk “UCE” refers specifically to unsolicited commercial e-mail. The total volume of spam (over 100 billion emails per day as of April 2008) has leveled off slightly in recent years, and is no longer growing exponentially.

Now you know what spam emails are and thanks to google and wiki for the definition. Anyway, spam emails is not something we want but it is a method of some websites to endorse their investors to other people.

 

 

 

 

What I’ve learned:

 

In this chapter I have learned the following:

·         Short history of the term spam

·         SEARCHING FOR A CHARACTERIZATION OF ‘‘SPAM’’

·         Content of the Email

·         Intent of the sender

·         Consequences to the receiver

·         Consent of the receiver

·         Deceptive Emails Meant to Defraud Are Condemned, Spam or

·         Emails Between Well-Meaning Friends Are Probably Not Spam

·         Unsolicited Commercial Bulk Emails (UCBE

·         The Ethics of Reducing the Number of Spam Emails Read After They Are Sent

·         The Ethics of Suggestions to Reduce the Number of Emails Sent

 

 

Integrative Questions:

 

 

1. What is Email?
2. What is Email Spam?
3. What is Email Message?
4. What is Unsolicited Commercial Bulk Emails (UCBE)?
5. What is The Accountability of the Sender and the Degree of Deception?

 

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 22: The Matter of Plagiarism: What, Why, and If

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: John Snapper

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

 

Quote:

 

“The emphasis on impropriety is important. There are a wide variety of situations where it seems acceptable to repeat prior expressions while ignoring a possible attribution and making no attempt to seek permission from a putative source.

 

Learning Expectations

 

·         The contrast of plagiarism to digital technology

·         What is Plagiarism?

·         Why does it answers what, why, and if?

·         How is it related to cyberethics?

 

Review:

Plagiarism occurs when students fail to acknowledge that the ideas of others are being used. Specifically it occurs when: other people’s work and/or ideas are paraphrased and presented without a reference; other students’ work is copied or partly copied; other people’s designs, codes or images are presented as the student’s own work; phrases and passages are used verbatim without quotation marks and/or without a reference to the author or a web page; lecture notes are reproduced without due acknowledgement. By this, we can identify what’s the meaning of this.

When plagiarism is suspected, a staff member involved in unit assessment is required to put the matter to the student, identify the passages which are alleged to be plagiarised and their source and report the matter to the Chief Examiner (or nominee). If it is alleged that an internet site is the source of plagiarism, it would be advisable to print out the material in case the site is changed.

According to the book, The present author believes that, in some contexts, new technology has tended to increase the importance we should place on acknowledgment and to lessen the importance that we should place on authorization.

 

For academic publication and technology, the digital technology has shifted the major costs of typesetting

away from the publisher to the authors and editors who produce print-ready digital The situation, however, is really very complicated. We noted above that today’s technology has created problems for a film industry that seeks to recoup high production costs when piracy is cheap and easy.

 

 

 

 

 

What I’ve learned:

These bulleted form are the list of what I learned in this particular chapter.

• Concept of plagiarism
• Lack of authorization – economic foundations
• Lack of authorization – natural or moral rights
• Lack of accreditation – no infringing plagiarism
• A personal view of matter
• Literature review

 

Integrative Questions:

1.     What is plagiarism?

2.     Why is it very sensitive?

3.     The role of plagiarism to cyberethics?

4.     How can this be implemented through cyberethics, digital technology?

5.     How is it complicated to cyberethics as well as in natural literature?

Citations: N/A

 

Book Review: Chapter 23: Intellectual Property: Legal and Moral Challenges of Online File Sharing

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: Richard A. Spinello

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

 

Quote:

 

“Unauthorized downloading of copyrighted files constituted direct infringement.”

 

Learning Expectations

 

·         What is intellectual property?

·         The online file sharing?

·         Why do we need to include legal and moral challenges in file sharing?

·         What are these legal and moral challenges?

·         How can we use intellectual property?

Review:

 

What is an intellectual property? According to this chapter, it is a property from original thought protected by law. An original creative work manifested in tangible form that can be legally protected. So that means that this property must be protected by laws at all cost. Many of us make a mistake about this topic because it’s complicated and we don’t understand which is which, and what is what. For beginners, they don’t understand this topic well especially those beginners who will be creating something for them. They did it very well. But other people will just use it without permission to the owner. That is calling a copyright infringement. As stated here that all unauthorized property is against ethical values. For example, in downloading copyright files online can be considered as an infringement because the downloaders don’t have a permission to the owner to use it. Even if it is fair use, they don’t have rights to download these files. The only key to download this to avoid copyright infringement is that pay for that property and make a permission to use that thing.

 

 

We are now in 21^st century and as we go along, many people and many cases involved copyright infringement. The intellectual property of a person must be protected at all cost. Let’s say you did something for the good of others, and another person did something good for others but the way of doing it is stealing from you. That is considered also as a copyright infringement because that person doesn’t have a permission to do such thing. Since technology is fast growing more and more cases involved in copyright infringement. It is one of the best case spread in the world. We don’t have a control with this stuff and that is the reality.

 

For internet, it is called a gatekeeps because of Internet Service Providers and search engines. Gatekeepers are the one who are in the position to don’t interfere in copyright infringement. Good thing that gatekeepers are trusted to prevent copyright infringements.

 

 

What I’ve learned:

We must think that code is a law. It has great power to overcome us. Great power to software codes as a logical constraint, software providers have a moral obligation for temptations of writing antiregulatory code. As stated on this chapter.

 

For P2P programs, the solution to avoid copyright infringement is that developers must design their responsibility as a coder to embed within those ethical values in the form of tools so that the misuse of properties will be avoided. This will effectively lead to a feasibility and cost effective for the copyright owner and for the owner.

 

 

Integrative Questions:

1.     What is intellectual property?

2.     What is P2P?

3.     What is infringement?

4.     Why does our moral challenges affected?

5.     Why it is that intellectual property has a connection to cyberethics?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 24: Censorship and Access to Expression

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: Kay Mathiesen

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

 

Quote:

“No one wants to be censor. No one wants to be called a “Censor”.”

 

 

Learning Expectations

 

·         What is Censorship?

·         Is it good or bad?

·         How does censorship relate to cyberethics?

·         What is expression?

 

 

Review:

 

We are now in 21^st century and we are now involved in technology. For ancient times, censorship was also applicable. Those who have an authority can order a restriction of a particular issue or event. We are now in the modern times, and we are still doing this act. Of course all of us need privacy. Each individual should be protected at all cost. In order to prevent the exposure of private, the censorship is applied. What is this censorship? Well basically, censorship role is to condemn person’s action. In other words, condemn is considering something guilty about a particular act. So in order to avoid guiltiness, censorship is applied.

 

 

Without getting clear on what we mean by censorship, this chapter tells us that it is very hard to know exactly what is wrong with a particular act and indeed, it is always wrong. We must find out the real truth about censorship. By finding it, of course, we don’t know where to start because it was censored. There is no information about it. For example, there was an illegal transaction between a businessman and a group that sells drugs and it was recorded in the video, it was censored when it was first shown because they don’t want to reveal that transaction. When a person who are in the authority who wants to reveal the truth, he/she must make information out of it and try to release this video at all cost. But, the problem is that it is censored. That’s the main point of the problem. That’s why it is difficult to release it even if it is an evidence for the case.  Without getting clear on what we mean by censorship, it is difficult to get a grip on exactly what is wrong with it, and indeed, on whether it is always wrong.

 

 

 

 

 

 

What I’ve learned:

 

The censorship is not only in a case but also in speaking. The concept of censorship is commonly ised in ways that go much beyond the strict. That’s the definition of it. But what people do is that they go beyond this limit and try to find out what is real. Well, for privacy purposes, they have nothing to do with it because it is only limited and strict. The so called freedom of expression has no effect in censorship itself. It’s private and nothing to do with it.

 

People must not abuse this kind of act. Even if it is hard control it, many people will try to reveal the true information. For cyber ethics, we must be knowledgeable on using this act. They must justify whether the use of censorship is appropriate for that case or else, it will have a bad effect for those people involved in the case.

 

From speaking methodology, censorship limits access to an expression, either by deterring the speaker from speaking or the hearer from receiving such speech. The speech must be controllable and make sure that it is all true.

 

 

 

Integrative Questions:

 

1.     What is censorship?

2.     How do they define censorship and expression?

3.     How do they connect this two aspect through cyberethics?

4.     Is it really justifiable?

5.     What is restricting access to cyberethics?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 25: The Gender Agenda in Computer Ethics

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

Author: Alison Adam

Library Reference: N/A

Amazon Reference:

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

Quote:

“Puts it, the job of feminist ethics is, to create a gender-equal ethics, a moral theory that generates nonsexist moral principles, policies and practices”

Learning Expectations

• Why does gender preferences included in Computer ethics?
• How does it relate to moral thinking?
• Why did they focus on feminist side?
• How can it be affected by gender?
• Ethical Behavior?

Review:

At the first part of this particular chapter, noticed that the main topic is feminine. The question is that why do they need to focus on them? The answer to that is that woman is powerful also as man. It is much better than the abilities of man. As they discussed here, Woman’s ethical values is the number one debates and issue for our world today. The world in reality can’t accept the man’s ability and other would tell that it is not good for woman because some abilities of man can’t do it by woman. But then morality again is the issue here.

Care cyberethics. It’s the first time I heard that. According to this chapter, care ethics is a cornerstone of most difficult approaches towards feminist ethics. The main actor here again is the feminine. They are the main emphasis on this chapter. As we all know, the characteristics of woman is unique. They are the one who make things better not just only in society but especially on families. Mothers are considered the light of house. Their responsibilities are big therefore they should take these responsibilities for their family. In relating to computer ethics. It’s the same, as stated on this chapter, they give more emphasis on feminine side, therefore, and they have big responsibilities in society.

For computer ethics, researches told us that decision of man and woman is very important specifically in computer ethics problem. They have a power to rule over it. The fact is, nobody owns cyberethics and that means it’s for us. We must take this responsibility owning it. Taking a good decision will really help people in making good things towards the computer ethics.

The gender, ethics and information technology. In that work, the hope must be strengthened and theoretical dimensions must be broadened. Ethical decisions of man and woman are said to be important so that decisions made are strong.

What I’ve learned:

For me, it doesn’t matter who will be using the world of cyberspace. I don’t care he / she is. But I understand the sentiments of the people that we are biased. I was trying to avoid that word “biased” because there’s a truth behind it. Only God will know if you believe in him. Gender analysis is not effective for the people because it’s not thrilling/.

Both man and woman must work together. We lived here on earth to use things that are useful to us. Therefore, we must make most out of it. In my perspective, woman and man must be equal, to make the world even better. Because, if this happens, people even if different gender can move especially towards cyberethics. We all have responsibilities and we must take it seriously.

Integrative Questions:

1. Why is it related to Cyberethics?
2. Why they focus on feminine side?
3. What is care ethics?
4. What is ethical behavior?
5. What is Cyberstalking and hacking?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 26: The Digital Divide: A Perspective for the Future

 

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

 

Author: Maria Canellopoulou-Bottis and Kenneth Einar Himma

 

Library Reference: N/A

 

Amazon Reference:

 

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

 

Quote:

 

“The global distribution of material resources should bother any conscientious person”

 

Learning Expectations

 

• Why is it entitled the digital divide?
• What is digital divide?
• How it works for people.

 

 

Review:

 

This chapter explains the role of Digital Divide for the people. Let us define first what is digital divide? As stated here on this particular chapter, Digital divide is a new term for right which means that it occupies the main component of global lingua franca. The word lingua franca is only for the internet which is accepted as a language from our language. Those words by lingua franca came from us but these words were modernized because of internet. These words defined by human and can understand by people who are into computers or internet enthusiasts. It’s more on digital words I should say because, it is modernized by people to make it more attractable and meaningful. This is to signify that in essential terms, one thing: the fundamental disparity between information haves and have-nots. These words are too techy and I don’t understand it either. It is stated here that these will depend upon who is on the sides of comparison.

 

What do people expect from this topic? Again, it is a literature of words that is full of technical definition. There are many doubts about digital divide because people cannot easily detect in digital divide literature. The big problem of this topic is that it is hard to understand this particular language and more people will not and discourage them to understand this. It is a learning tool for us bet yet, no one in the world will try to understand and learn it. Only those people who are interested. It is stated here that this was too narrow to certainly understand the revolution.  The network had to expand, by all means so that it will be accessible for people who like to use this as a primary tool.

What I’ve learned:

I learned that it is hard to understand this tool. It is for the future. The future is good for us knowing that we are knowledgeable enough in understanding the situation. It is for future and for todays person specifically those people who are not into internet or any technical tools or terms, it will not be a wrong for them. The point is how this topic of this particular chapter can adapt it for the people to understand this. We must know first what we need to do so that in future, we will be successful. Plan now and aim for success.

 

 

Integrative Questions:

1.     What people expect from this topic?

2.     Why is it different tool?

3.     How does it differ to the ordinary language?

4.     Why did they choose this tool?

5.     Does anyone can use internet?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 27: Intercultural Information Ethics

Book: The-handbook-of-information-and-computer-ethic

Author: Rafael Capurro

Library Reference: N/A

Amazon Reference:

http://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Information-Computer-Ethics/dp/0471799599/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233037513&sr=1-1

Quote:

“Present debate shows a variety of foundational
Perspectives as well as a preference for the narrow view that focuses IIE on ICT”

Learning Expectations

• Expect to learn what is IIE?
• Why it is called as an emerging discipline?
• The impact of IIE to ICT?
• What is this so called, universality of values?
• Why web 2.0 is affected here?

Review:

When we say intercultural it is within the culture. Combining this to ethics means a lot to the information ethics topic. We all know that information ethics is part of ethical values made by human. We all know that information is everywhere. It will go out somewhere just like water. But the problem of this is that information is very much sensitive. Once information is leaked, more people will know it and as a result, people will react and react about that issue. The information now turns out to issue. That’s the informal way of knowing the information. Information must be in a good side wherein people must make use of it in a right and better way. Now, for uneducated people, they don’t know how to handle the information, they keep leaking this and sometimes this particular information will go to some professionals. It’s complicated in sharing information especially if that information is sensitive.

As stated here on this chapter. IIE will not deal with the question of the impact of ICT on local cultures but explores also how specific ICT issues or, more generally, media issues can be analyzed from different IIE perspective. We are talking here again about the cultures and we all know that we have different cultures and at the same time, we have different beliefs. So this statement from this chapter proves that Intercultural Information of ethics is different and has different impact to ICT for local cultures. Different understanding for different cultures.

What I’ve learned:

The power of Web 2.0 is already there. Web 2.0 is a powerful tool for us individuals. With web 2.0 we can now create new issues by blogging, creating wikis, chat, social networking and everything that web 2.0 features that connects people. Information will obviously spread as much as possible. As a result many people will know that issue immediately either good or bad, they don’t care as long as they will know the information. “We have to deepen the foundational debate on the sources of morality from Intercultural information ethics perspective”. Based on this theory, we are now relying more on technology and the concept of controlling our ethical perspective are not that good. It will be better if we rely on technology at the same time we must control our own ethical values to strengthen our personality to other people.

Integrative Questions:

1. Why is it called emerging discipline?
2. What is the foundational perspective that focuses on IIE?
3. What is basically IIE?
4. How Web 2.0 helped people distribute information / sources?
5. Why is it called intercultural?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 1: Ethics and the Information Revolution

Book: Cyberethics

Library Reference: N/A

Amazon Reference:

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_gw?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&fieldkeywords=

cyber+ethics&x=0&y=0

Quote:

“Because of their logical malleability, computers create new possibilities for human action that would

appear to be limitless.”

I chose this quote because it describes how people created the power of technology. They greatly

influenced the people today, in the modern period. This malleability is the foundation that gives inspiration

for the people today to maximize the use of technology and to create new possibilities in improving our

lives. Just like what Fujitsu said “Possibilities are Infinite”

Learning Expectations

• To know the basic conceptual framework made by humans.

• How conceptual frameworks of ethical values are important to technology.

• To know the basic ethical values.

Review:

In the beginning of this book, the chapter one talks about how technology and ethical values as a

conceptualize framework. From the beginning, people developed technology but it is in informal way. Of

course, people that time are starting from scratch so they need enough knowledge in order for them to

develop technology. While developing it, they merge their ethical values knowing what is right and wrong

for the development of technology. This means that they included value trait applying on what they are

doing.

This chapter is subdivided into three readings. These are the “Ethics and the Information Revolution”,

“Ethics On-line” and “Reason, Relativity and Responsibility in Computer Ethics”. In the first reading, the

author, Terrell Bynum, is referring to “Global Information Ethics”. This is the start of Information with ethics

defining the field of computer ethics itself. The author wants to document how it started from the

beginning contributions. As stated here, the overview of this field provides the readers how fairly

comprehensive is this and as a result, the deliverable of the author is good because his essay conclusion

included 2 different hypotheses which has a different point of view but it is in the same field of ethics. This

will help Information Ethics for the future. The reading 1 serves as a foundation for the Information

Technology Ethical values. The second reading is the “Ethics On-line”. It discusses the advent of Internet

or information technology. When we say advent, it is the arrival of something’s special. In the case of

information ethics, the reading two describes that it is special for the people. This also signifies that if the

people are learning to discover ethical values applying it to computer. The unique issues stated here is

that these are the issues where a debate can start. From our beliefs and culture, people are applying their

respective morals to computers. In this reading again, the internet technology was considered with 3

special features. The scope, ability to communication, and reproducibility of information. These three are

the main aspect or feature why internet technology existed. These aspects are powerful. Created by

human in nature plus technology in physical. The result is that the human apply their morals on how

technology works. Evaluating what is good and bad, it will create a great success of the future.

What I’ve learned:

The evolution of ethics is the foundation of the ethics today. When our home was created by our almighty

God, the ethical values are born. We did not create it but astoundingly it already existed. All we have to

do is to discover it. Just like the Theory of Evolution made by Charles Darwin. It’s just a theory but the

evolution is true. As we all know, earth is full of mysteries but as the time goes by, we discover things. As

a result, we evolve. Relating it to ethical values, it’s the same. We must continue to live on and discover

new conceptual framework for the next generation. This conceptual framework is the base of all theories

whatever category is it. The framework that is the beginning of theories will lead us to accurate

information in the future.

We should be sensitive of what we have done. Applying our moral values to non-living thing is a good

achievement of humans done here on earth. We should appreciate the frameworks done by human for

technology. This is one of the greatest achievements ever done by human. As we go along, we must

realize that technologies are made for us to use it.

Integrative Questions:

1.) How does Ethical values of people conducted to Internet Technology?

2.) Why conceptual framework is important aspect why we have ethical values?

3.) How does it started?

4.) Does the 3 readings are accurate in giving foundational information?

5.) How Internet technology is related to ethical values?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 2: Ethics On-Line

Book: Cyberethics

Library Reference: N/A

Amazon Reference:

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_gw?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&fieldkeywords=

cyber+ethics&x=0&y=0

Quote:

“Computing Technology is the most powerful and most flexible technology ever devised.”

With this statement, I agree that it is the most powerful technology that ever made in 21st century. On 20th

century, the world is focused on industrial revolution. Mechanical technology was prioritized. As stated on

this chapter, the word “revolution” is the main topic. Revolution and ethics are combined. It’s a wonderful

combination. Just like what Goodyear said “One Revolution Ahead” This chapter explains it all.

Learning Expectations

• To know how revolution evolves through the ethical values.

• To know how people use ethical values.

• To know how people confident using technology with ethics.

Review:

“Revolution” is the main topic of this chapter. Revolution is an extraordinary activity from one point to

another. That so called “extraordinary activity” can change the world. Revolution is equal to innovation. To

industrial revolution to modern revolution. Every moment of our live changes and this is involuntarily. We

cannot stop the clock ticking. We have no choice but to continue and accept the challenges of time given

to us. We have no choice but to go on with our lives we have. Because of this concept, revolution was

modernized by the people who are into it. That’s why these people never stop finding ways how to

improve our lives. As a result, here we are in the 21st century; we are in the computing technology. Digital

world was existed and continue to rise up to the very present time.

It is described here that growing information revolution is more on social and ethical side, not merely

technological. This means that people who pioneered these technologies are basing it to ethical and

moral values. While creating the physical technology, these pioneers also thinks what would be the output

of this technology. Is it good or bad for the people? Evaluating technology for social means is really

difficult job for them because they must be careful in every technology they make. It is sensitive in social

means because people who are using it are also sensitive. It can really affect the lives of the people.

They must be careful in terms of this. In describing information technology and human values, it is stated

here that the information revolution are significantly changed the aspects of our lives. This is good and

that’s the fact happening to the world. It is an advantage for us to live in this world with these

technologies. Particularly in the field of Information Technology, it is powerful because we need

information as a primary source in much aspect. Because of ethics, many ethical values are produced

and turn into an information. This means that people keep producing good ethical values and at the same

time, people use these ethical values to be converted into information in such way that it is procedural

and it is based on a point of view. Number one example is the bible. The primary source of good ethical

values is most commonly a bible. The bible, for the Catholic faith is the basis of good and bad ethical

values. People base their faith to bible and that’s why moral values for technology evolved. While some

people use their respective bible. Overall, it all depends on the beliefs of the people. Basing it to their

respective beliefs, the outputs are all different. As a result, there are some conflict happening. Of course,

people who are against to a particular belief have nothing to do but to respect other people beliefs. It’s

their ethical value and we should not against about it.

Information grows. And as the information grows, lots of ethical values grow. Maturity is one example of

this. Looking back, while humans are developing technology, initially, they have a power to create it. They

are hopeful on what they are doing. They trained themselves to give their best while developing it. As the

time goes by, human’s knowledge always evolved. So, the presence of maturity is here. Up to now, we

are creating good technology that can benefit many people. Is up for the people how to use their moral

values for a particular thing specifically technology.

What I’ve learned:

We should respect each other beliefs. Even if we are different religion, different beliefs, we are still a

human. The human has a mission here on earth to fulfill. We must do it in extraordinary way so that the

we can help other people at the same time, we can give quality of life for them. For us, who are

developing technologies, we must apply ethical values to our job. Knowing and knowledgeable for what is

right and wrong. We don’t stop here and we keep evolve as the time goes on. We can change the world

starting for ourselves. That is called the revolution with ethical values.

Integrative Questions:

1.) How does human feels about the revolution?

2.) How did the human evolve through the help of ethics?

3.) What are the benefits of technology to us with applied ethics?

4.) How information does grow with ethical values?

5.) What are the strengths of Information revolution in our modern period today?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 3: Reason, Relativity, and Responsibility in Computer Ethics

Book: Cyberethics

Author:

Library Reference: N/A

Amazon Reference:

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_gw?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&fieldkeywords=

cyber+ethics&x=0&y=0

Quote:

“People are surging to gain access to computer technology.”

Learning Expectations

• What is entitled reason?

• What is Relativity?

• The responsibility of this concept to computer ethics

Review:

Computers are special technology and they raise some special ethical issues. In this essay I

will discuss what makes computers different from other technology and how this difference

makes a difference in ethical considerations. In particular, I want to characterize computer

ethics and show why this emerging field is both intellectually interesting and enormously

important.

On my view, computer ethics is the analysis of the nature and social impact of computer

technology and the corresponding formulation and justification of policies for the ethical use

of such technology. I use the phrase “computer technology” because I take the subject

matter of the field broadly to include computers and associated technology. For instance, I

include concerns about software as well as hardware and concerns about networks

connecting computers as well as computers themselves.

Making ethical or policy on computer wasn’t that easy. Like what I read on the book, you

need the process of thinking analytically before you can make one. I do agree on this

because how can you make some rules on a very malleable thing? You should think about

all forms it can possibly show and then you will make your ethical or unethical way of doing

things.

What I’ve learned:

I learned the basic knowledge of this concept. I was able to appreciate this three concept because

students need that in a time.

Integrative Questions:

1. What it is that made by narrow bounds of special interest communities?

2. The two parts of Computer Ethics according to Moor

3. It is logically malleable?

4. What is a policy vacuum?

5. Relative doesn’t mean what?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 4: Disclosive Computer Ethics

Book: Cyberethics

Author:

Library Reference: N/A

Amazon Reference:

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_gw?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&fieldkeywords=

cyber+ethics&x=0&y=0

Quote:

‘

“Many computer related practices are simply unfamiliar or unknown to most people, because they are not

visible for the average computer user and are not widely discussed in media, and these practices

consequently fail to be identified as morally controversial.”

Learning Expectations

• The basics in computer ethics

• What is Disclosive?

• Why it called disclosive?

Review:

Computer ethical problems are simply unfamiliar or unknown to most of the people because they

can’t see it and the media doesn’t make any fuse about it unlike other ethical problems that we had on

our society. Since it wasn’t something that media would cover, it fails to get attentions and fail also to be

identified as morally controversial.

Actually, this chapter is about Disclosive Computer Ethics or the description of computer

technology and related practices in a way that reveal their moral importance. This chapter actually

focuses on moral issues namely: privacy, democracy, distributive justice and autonomy.

Critical Function of computer ethics is to identify, analyze, morally evaluate and device policy guidelines

for on-line monitoring.

The hardware, software and procedures used in computing practice often have moral neutrality when in

fact they are not morally neutral.

What I’ve learned:

I learned that it is very difficult to create an ethical policy on something that has been very malleable. It

isn’t that easy also to create a law with an issue that can be passé immediately.

I also learned that on our society we have too many say on something that sometime it can lead us to

mislead other people too. We are careless on our words that when you gave a good reasoning, people

tend to believe it without further thinking if it is what they are looking for.

Integrative Questions:

1. What year Computer Ethics started?

2. Computer Ethics is first called as?

3. What is this software all about?

4. Who is the pioneer of the cybernetics?

5. What is the meaning of ICT?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 5: Gender and Computer Ethics

Book: Cyberethics

Author:

Library Reference: N/A

Amazon Reference:

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_gw?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&fieldkeywords=

cyber+ethics&x=0&y=0

Quote:

“Technology is a significant site of gender negotiations where both masculine and feminine

identities are constructed and deconstructed. Technologies are incorporated into our gender

identities…feminine or masculine”

Learning Expectations

Review:

Women now a day are explorer; they want to try things that are new to them. Computer courses were

taken by men in the past and present because we both know men are good in computing but later women

try it too. All authors survey if men or women have differences in ethical decision making in relation to

information and computing technologies. They found out that women are low in computation and the

gender has different response, views, expectation regards to computer privacy. Men seem to have a

strong link to technology; some of the defining characteristics of masculine culture are welded to

technology.

Women have domesticated the phone by including it in the household, using it to maintain relations with

friends and family, thereby subverting the original ideas of its design, for business, and other public rather

than private matters. Because of its ease of use and its link with feminine identity, it is said to have

“become a ‘mundane’ technology. Studies have shown that women are increasingly using the internet,

but according to surveys they are still far behind in comparison to men, the profile of the average internet

user being male, under 35, employed, with no children in the household. There have been many theories

as to why there are not as many women using the internet.

Because women are stereotypically thought to be linked to private life and not represented in the public

world, they may have some reservations signing on to what is described as a “new public space or even a

new ‘public sphere’”. It has been said that women have less access to the web, and that man are more

likely to have jobs that provide access.

What I’ve learned:

Learn in this chapter that the women nowadays, were explorer. The man’s doping were also can be done

by them. The topic of gender has been somewhat neglected I computer writing to date. I also learn the

two main strands of current research in gender and computer ethics. The first strand can be viewed by

spillover from information systems and computing research. One more knowledgeable thing that I get was

that much decision making in relation to computer technologies takes place in the workplace.

Integrative Questions:

1. What is computer ethics?

2. What is traditional ethics, feminist ethics/feminist theory?

3. What is feminist ethics/feminist theory?

4. What feminist ethics offer computer ethics?

5. What is cyberstalking?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 6: Is the Global Information Infrastructure a Democratic Technology

Book: Cyberethics

Author:

Library Reference: N/A

Amazon Reference:

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_gw?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&fieldkeywords=

cyber+ethics&x=0&y=0

Quote:

“The adoption of a given technical system unavoidably brings with it conditions for human relationships

that have a distinctive political cast”

Learning Expectations

• Why is it important to rely on information infrastructure?

• The affect of information to people.

• What is this democratic technology?

• The learning on how to adopt this aspect to our lives.

Review:

Global Information Infrastructure, its advantages and disadvantages. Global information infrastructure

known as GII is often claimed in democratic technology. They said it can create electronic democracy to

facilitate democratic processes. If we say GII is democratic it is also saying that this technology has a

value embedded in it that contains facilities democracy.

The infrastructure in which many aspects of our lives used to takes place. Many scholars believed that

technologies did not embody values, and emphasized that values come into play, if at all only when

technologies are used. Values are one aspect of the social, hence, Bijker’s articulation of the two tenets

of STS includes the claims that values shape technologies and technologies shape values. In this

statement I can tell that values and technology has a similarity. We should expect the GII to carry values

with it, to shape enhance or diminish, afford or constrain values and we should expect that the GII has

been shaped by social values.

In any case, the idea that the GII is democratic because it connects every individual to every other

individual and allows individuals in political discussion puts the emphasis on the users of the technology.

On this account of the value-ladeness of the technology, we may buy and use things because of their

symbolic meaning in our culture, not only because of their focal function. The type of account of values

embedded in a technology is similar to the material account in that on both types of account, values are

tough to be amenable to being read off the technology. On the expressive meaning account, however,

values are dependent on social context so that one cannot understand the values expressed in a

technology unless one understands its social contexts. They should be kept distinct primarily because

they point to very different ways in which values be embedded in technologies and therefore, they

recommend quite different directions of analysis of technology.

What I’ve learned:

I have learned that global information infrastructure is often claimed to be a democratic technology. I also

learned that GII is to be the coming together of technology with telecommunications. It is originated with

the internet, but that name now seems inappropriate. I have also learned that the infrastructures in many

aspects of our lives used to take place, work, shopping, banking and entertainment.

One thing that I have learned is that in terms of democracy, a technology may have: intractable

properties that require democratic patterns of authority, intractable properties that require non-democratic

patterns of authority and flexible properties that are compatible with either pattern authority.

Integrative Questions:

1. What are two tenets has form from the foundation of science and technology?

2. What is Winner famous article title?

3. What type of account where values pervade the invention and production of technology?

4. What type of account is similar to the preceding in the sense that it also affirms an inseparability

between the technology?

5. The democratic technology?

Citations: N/A

Book Review: Chapter 7: Applying Ethical and Moral Concepts and Theories to IT Contexts

Book: Cyberethics

Author:

Library Reference: N/A

Amazon Reference:

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_gw?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&fieldkeywords=

cyber+ethics&x=0&y=0

Quote:

“In wake of enlightenment, the emphasis in ethical theory has been for a long time on systems an rules”

Learning Expectations

• The meaning of ethical and moral concept theories

• The IT Contexts adaptation.

Review:

It has often been suggested that technology carries values and biases embedded in it. This paper is an

examination of the relation between (the implementation of) computer technology and the incorporation of

values and biases. The social complexity of this issue tends to be underexposed. Suggestions are

presented for a more comprehensive understanding.

Computer and information ethics, as well as other fields of applied ethics, it needs ethical theories which

coherently unify deontological and consequentiality aspects of ethical analysis. The proposed theory of

just consequentialism emphasizes consequences of policies within the constraints of justice. This makes

just consequentialism a practical and theoretically sound approach to ethical problems of computer and

information ethics.

If we want to apply ethical and moral concepts and theories to IT contexts, there are three conditions are

to be met, first is we must know to what kind of questions such as concepts and theories can be applied,

and to what they cannot, second we must know the limitations of specific concepts and theories and third

is we must have sufficiently detailed knowledge of the domain to which we want to apply them. It has

become a trend to extend the term “computer ethics” o almost anything that for decades used to be

indicated by terms like “social issues in computing”.

Suggesting that such issues can simply be filed under some branch of “ethics” gives a misleading idea of

the nature of these problems, of the kind of framework that is needed to solve them, and of the type of

expert specialization one should turn to for advice on these matters. It also leads to an undesirable

depolarization of such issues, as if the answers can be found by “rational” analysis provided by some

establishment of ethical experts rather than by negotiation.

What I’ve learned:

I have learned from this chapter that computer ethics to almost anything that for decades used to be

indicated by terms like social issues in computing. I have also learned that before applying ethical and

moral concepts theories to IT contexts there are three conditions to be met, knowing the questions,

limitations, and sufficiently detailed the knowledge.

Integrative Questions:

1. What are the conditions that we will met in applying ethical and moral concepts and

theories to IT contexts?

2. What is revival of virtue ethics?

3. Behavioral description to employers

4. What makes a picture a lot simpler?

5. Another term for social issues in computing

Citations: N/A